Exam 1

Question 1

proper file management and project setup

Answer 1

• Three folders on flash drive
• Creating new geodatabase
• Setting your work environment

Question 2

Geographic information systems

Answer 2

special class of information systems that keep track of phenomena w/ at least one locational attribute

Question 3

How to make and export map

Answer 3

• Finding GIS layers on web
• Using ArcMap tools in Data View
• Add cartographic standards in Layout View
• Export a pdf file
• Submit combined pdf to Blackboard

Question 4

Simple spatial analysis

Answer 4

• Following step by step instructions

- Then doing these skills from memory

Question 5

Purpose of Tahoe Lab

Answer 5

To introduce more tools and functions in ArcMap

Question 6

Tobler’s First Law of Geography

Answer 6

Everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things

Question 7

Concept of representation

Answer 7

construction of digital model of some aspect of Earth’s surface

Question 8

Generalization

Answer 8

remove detail in order to reduce data volume

Question 9

Everything in a GIS is eventually reduced to

Answer 9

a series of 0s and 1s

Question 10

Discrete objects

Answer 10

• Polygons (buildings)
• lines (roads)
• points (bears)

Question 11

Continuous fields

Answer 11

Changes in value across a surface where the world is the surface

Question 12

Two basic methods for representing geographic data in digital form:

Answer 12

Raster & Vector

Question 13

Raster

Answer 13

space divided into array of rectangular (usually square) cells

Question 14

Vector

Answer 14

a series of points which may be connected to represent a line or polygon

Question 15

Topology

Answer 15

set of rules that describe which define relationship between vectors (points, lines, and polygons)

Question 16

key to representing and understanding spatial variation

Answer 16

Proximity effects

Question 17

Spatial autocorrelation

Answer 17

The degree to which a set of features tend to be clustered together (positive spatial autocorrelation) or be evenly dispersed (negative spatial autocorrelation) over the earth’s surface

Question 18

How you survey a region or subsequently sample an area may be influenced by

Answer 18

geographic space

Question 19

Distance effects

Answer 19

As distance increases the relationship may be different and is dependent on the attribute of interest

Question 20

What should you do before to creating a map?

Answer 20

Make every attempt to understand the spatial relationships

Question 21

Cartography

Answer 21

concerned w/ art, science, and techniques of making maps or charts

Question 22

Drawbacks of cartography

Answer 22

• Maps can be used to miscommunicate info either accidentally or on purpose
• Maps are a single realization of a spatial process
• Maps are often created using complex rules, symbology, and conventions and can be difficult to understand and interpret by the untrained viewer

Question 23

Seven controls on map design process:

Answer 23

Seven controls on map design process:
• Purpose
• Reality
• Available data
• Map scale
• Audience
• Conditions of use
• Technical limits

Question 24

Purpose

Answer 24

determines what is mapped

Question 25

Reality

Answer 25

knowing phenomena being mapped provides constraints

Question 26

Key map elements:

Answer 26

- Map body - Inset or overview map - Title - Legend - Scale - Direction indicator - Map metadata (source)

Question 27

essential to a GIS

Answer 27

Location

Question 28

Required to place different pieces of information together

Answer 28

- Tie info together in space | - Used to measure distances and areas

Question 29

Primary requirements of georeference

Answer 29

- It is unique - Its meaning be shared - Must be persistent through time

Question 30

Metric georeferences are essential to:

Answer 30

o Making of maps o Display of mapped info o Any kind of numerical analysis

Question 31

Cadaster

Answer 31

map of land ownership in an area

Question 32

Major axis perpendicular to Earth’s center of mass

Answer 32

equator

Question 33

Minor axis around which Earth rotates

Answer 33

Prime Meridian

Question 34

Longitude

Answer 34

measured in 180 degrees West or East of the prime meridian

Question 35

Latitude

Answer 35

measured in 90 degrees North or South of the equator

Question 36

The shape of the Earth is ___, the term ___ is also commonly used, but Earth shape is called ___

Answer 36

ellipsoid, spheroid, geoid

Question 37

Currently, most common ellipsoid used is

Answer 37

World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS84)

Question 38

The North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83)

Answer 38

ellipsoid which is nearly identical to WGS84

Question 39

Why are projections and coordinates used to display the Earth as a flat object?

Answer 39

Many technologies working w/ geographic data are inherently flat (Paper, Rasters, Film)

Question 40

Projections

Answer 40

define how you place the Earth’s surface on a flat piece of paper

Question 41

GIS is powerful tool for

Answer 41

converting between projections and coordinate systems

Question 42

Ellipsoids/datums

Answer 42

are important in terms of how the Earth’s surface is represented