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E&M Cardiac > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

What level is the base of the heart located?

A

2nd rib

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2
Q

What level is the apex of the heart located?

A

5th ICS/MCL

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3
Q

What is the outer wall of the pericardium known as?

A

Fibrous Pericardium

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4
Q

What is the function of the fibrous pericardium?

A

anchors heart to chest wall and diaphragm

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5
Q

What is the inner wall of the pericardium known as?

A

Serous Pericardium

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6
Q

What 2 layers consist of the Serous pericardium?

A

Parietal and Visceral

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7
Q

What condition is known as infection and fluid build up in the pericardial sac?

A

Pericarditis

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8
Q

What beat is consistent of closure of the AV valves

A

S1

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9
Q

What beat is consistent of closure of the aortic/pulmonic valves?

A

S2

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10
Q

What condition is known as narrowing, stiffness, or thickening - reducing blood flow?

A

Stenosis

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11
Q

What condition is known as back flow due to improper valve closure?

A

Regurgitation

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12
Q

What condition is known as valve inverts due to size and chord tendinae rupture/stretch

A

Prolapse

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13
Q

What law is known as the amount of blood flow pumped out of the heart is dependent upon the amount of blood flowing into the right heart?

A

Starling Law

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14
Q

What kind of cells are specialized tissue able to generate or conduct an electrical impulse?

A

Pacemaker cells

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15
Q

What kind of cells able to contract when electrically stimulated; do not normally generate an impulse on their own?

A

Myocardial cells

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16
Q

What is the outcome when cell is at rest, membrane becomes more permeable to Na+/K+ that enter cell?

A

Depolarization

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17
Q

What is it called when cells will not respond to a stimulus?

A

Absolute refractory period

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18
Q

What is it called when cells will respond to a stronger than normal stimulus?

A

Relative refractory period

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19
Q

What is it called when cells will respond to a weaker than normal stimulus?

A

Supernormal period

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20
Q

Where is the SA node located?

A

Anterior to SVC posterior portion of Right atrium

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21
Q

What is the blood supply to the Bundle of HIS?

A

LAD artery

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22
Q

Where is the AV node located?

A

behind the tricuspid valve near the opening of the coronary sinus

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23
Q

What is the blood supply to the AV node?

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A

Right coronary artery

24
Q

What is it called when non-pacemaking cardiac cells begin to depolarize spontaneously?

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A

Enhanced Automacity

25
What info does the EKG NOT provide?
Mechanical contractile condition
26
T/F: no lead views the posterior surface
True
27
What kind of Leads are Bipolar?
Standard Leads
28
What kind of Leads are Unipolar?
Augmented Leads
29
What consists of the Standard Leads?
I: + on Left arm, 0 degrees II: + on Left leg, 60 degrees III: + on Left leg, 120 degrees
30
What consists of the Augmented Leads?
aVR: + on right arm, -150 degrees aVL: + on left arm, - 30 degrees aVF: + on left leg, 90 degrees
31
T/F: Activation of the SA node occurs before the P wave and is not recorded on the EKG
True
32
What happens during the upslope of the P-wave?
stimulation of the right atrium and AV node
33
What happens during the downslope of the P-Wave?
stimulation of the left atrium
34
What happens to the heart during the entire P-wave?
Atrial depolarization and contraction
35
What is the upper limit of The P-wave height? Length?
Height: 2.5mm Length: .11s
36
What leads is the P-wave NOT positive?
aVR, aVL, V1
37
What happens during the entire QRS complex? What is considered abnormal QRS complex?
Ventricular depolarization and Atrial repolarization | Abnormal: >0.12s (>3 boxes)
38
What happens during the Q wave of the QRS complex?
depolarization of the interventricular septum
39
What happens during the R wave of the QRS complex?
Depolarization of the ventricles; always positive
40
What happens during the S wave during the QRS complex?
Depolarization of the ventricles
41
What happens during the entire T wave?
Ventricular repolarization
42
What is the upward slope of the T wave?
absolute refractory period (cells will not respond to stimuli)
43
What is the downward slope of the T wave?
Relative refractory period (cells will respond to stronger than normal stimulus?
44
What is the upper limit in height of the T wave in LIMB leads? Chest leads?
Limbs: 5mm Chest: 10mm
45
What is the normal length for the P-R interval?
0.12-0.2s (3-5 boxes)
46
What does the Q-T interval represent?
Total ventricular activity from depolarization to repolarization
47
What finding represents Sinus Bradycardia?
<60bpm
48
What is considered mild sinus bradycardia?
50-59bpm, asymptomatic
49
What is considered marked sinus bradycardia?
35-45bpm, symptomatic
50
What finding represents Sinus Tachycardia?
100-180bpm
51
What is associated with Sinus arrhythmia?
changes in intrathoracic pressure
52
What happens in Sinus Arrest?
SA node fails to fire
53
What happens with Premature Junctional Contractions?
AV node fires before SA node
54
What happens with Premature Ventricular Contractions?
QRS complex is very wide (more than 0.12s).
55
Which segment of the EKG consists of activation of the AV node, Bundle of HIS, and purkinje fibers
P-R segment
56
Which segment is is the true isoelectric interval of the graph?
T-P segment
57
What is the condition if the S-T segment is elevated? Depressed?
Elevated: acute injury Depressed: ischemia

E&M Cardiac (9 decks)

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