Exam 1

Question 1

Albert Bandura

Answer 1

Social learning theory: many of our action are not learned by conditioning but rather by watching others

Question 2

Jean Piaget

Answer 2

Cognitive theory: Schemas help make sense of new situations by seeing if they fit into our old ways of thinking

Question 3

Lev Vygotsky

Answer 3

Sociocultural theory: Culture and interaction aids intelligence

Question 4

Sigmund Freud

Answer 4

Psychodynamic theory: we are shaped by our childhood

Question 5

Freud’s weaknesses

Answer 5

• It is difficult to test scientifically (how can parenting in infancy be traced to personality in adulthood)
• Sexist, women had to accept an inferior position in society or they were considered to be flawed

Question 6

Cohort

Answer 6

Group of individuals who are roughly going through life the same. Share histories and contexts for living

Question 7

DNA

Answer 7

Determines the nature of every cell and how it will function. Contains genes within segments of chromosomes; found in the nucleus

Question 8

Mitosis / Meiosis

Answer 8

• cell growth

- gamete formation

Question 9

Germinal stage

Answer 9

• First 2 weeks (conception – implantation)
• Goal: cell division (growth)
• Zygote – Blastocyst

Question 10

Embryonic stage

Answer 10

• 2 – 8 weeks
• Goal: major growth of the organs, sex differences begin to develop
• Embryo
• *Higher risks of miscarriage at this stage

Question 11

Fetal stage

Answer 11

• 8 weeks – Birth
• Goal: Heart begins to beat
• Fetus

Question 12

Purpose of the placenta

Answer 12

Filtration

Question 13

Purpose of the amniotic sac

Answer 13

Protection

Question 14

Purpose of the umbilical cord

Answer 14

Exchange of nutrients, waste, O2

Question 15

Monozygotic twins / Dizygotic twins

Answer 15

• Genetically identical, split in the first 2 weeks

- Different DNA, requires two diff fertilized eggs

Question 16

Caffeine as a teratogen

Answer 16

Causes increased rates of miscarriage

Question 17

Nicotine as a teratogen

Answer 17

Decreases O2 and increases CO2, problems with ear infections and hearing difficulties, low birth weight

Question 18

Marijuana as a teratogen

Answer 18

Decreases oxygen

**second most widely used teratogen. Among adolescents, females are just as likely to smoke as are males

Question 19

ASA as a teratogen

Answer 19

Causes placental bleeding

Question 20

Preterm / Post mature / Small for date

Answer 20

• Born too small too soon
• Born too large too late
• Low birth weight

Question 21

First 2 years of weight

Answer 21

Growth is rapid
7lb – 21lb in the first year
21lb – 27lb from 1yo – 2yo

Question 22

Cephalocaudal principle

Answer 22

Growth begins in the head and proceeds down to the rest of the body

Question 23

Proximodistal principle

Answer 23

Growth begins from the center of the body and proceeds outwards (arms grow more than legs)

Question 24

SIDS

Answer 24

• Common during 2-4 months

- Most affects: Boys, African-Americans, low birth weight babies, low APGAR scorers, bottle fed babies

Question 25

Fetal alcohol spectrum diorders features

Answer 25

- small eye openings - small heads - flattened noses - developmental delay

Question 26

First stage of labor

Answer 26

Longest stage, cervix thins (effacement) and opens (dilates) up to 10cm

Question 27

Second stage of labor

Answer 27

Pushing the fetus out, lasts about 90 min, then ends with birth

Question 28

Third stage of labor

Answer 28

Birth of umbilical cord and the placenta

Question 29

Ways to assess the condition of a newborn

Answer 29

- Neonatal behavioral assessment scale (NBAS) - APGAR: tests newborn's overall condition at 1 min and 5 min after birth. 0-2pts given for: HR, RR, muscle tone, reflex response, color

Question 30

Sensitive period

Answer 30

When the baby has to use/learn something, if it doesn't then it will be able to develop in the future but it will be harder

Question 31

Critical period

Answer 31

When the baby has to use/learn something, but if it doesn't then development will never happen

Question 32

Infants come to understand the world around them through..

Answer 32

Sensation and perception

Question 33

What can babies see?

Answer 33

- Neonates can only see close up - Can only see primary colors until about 6 months - Infants prefer to look at faces, patterns, complex stimuli * *20/20 vision by around 3 y.o.

Question 34

What are the 4 styles of crawling?

Answer 34

- crawling (on stomach) - creeping (using hands) - bear walking - scooting

Question 35

Piaget's sensorimotor stage

Answer 35

-Based on direct physical contact (infants taste, feel, hear, in order to experience the world)

Question 36

What is the brain size of a neonate?

Answer 36

About 25% of its adult weight

Question 37

Assimilation / Accommodation

Answer 37

- minor changes to schemes | - major changes to schemes

Question 38

Referential speech / Expressive speech

Answer 38

- mostly noun and verbs, just enough information, more male dominated - more adjectives, female dominated

Question 39

Nativist approach to language

Answer 39

Language is genetic and emerges automatically

Question 40

Learning theory approach to language

Answer 40

Language is learned by reinforcement and conditioning (modeling and copying words and sentence structure)

Question 41

Erickson's Theory stages

Answer 41

- Stage 1: Trust vs mistrust (0 -- 18mo) | - Stage 2: Autonomy vs shame and doubt (18 mo -- 3yo)

Question 42

Wet nurses

Answer 42

Lactating women hired to nurse others' infants during the middle ages, eventually declined as women began to feed their own

Question 43

Social referencing

Answer 43

- at birth | - looking for emotional info

Question 44

Separation anxiety

Answer 44

- at 8-9 months | - cries and protests when parent leaves (bond has formed)

Question 45

Self-awareness

Answer 45

- at 12 months | - recognize self

Question 46

Temperament

Answer 46

Inborn qualities noticed shortly after birth. Knowledge of child's temperament is useable for teachers, parents, to better work with a child. Does not change dramatically as we grow up, we work around it.

Question 47

Dad's attachment

Answer 47

Strength in attachment with dad depends on quality of time spent, ex: diaper changing

Question 48

What are the 4 styles of attachment?

Answer 48

- Secure (needs are met) - Ambivalent (needs are kind of met) - Avoidant (needs are not met) - Disorganized (needs over safety) * *measured by strange situation, Ainsworth

Question 49

Lamaze birthing method

Answer 49

Originated in Russia. Teaches the woman to be in control in the process of delivery by breathing through contractions, having a picture to look at, coach.