Exam 1 Flashcards
(142 cards)
1
Q
Why do we study child psychopathology?
A
Understand what is normal/abnormal behavior; Understand causes and correlates of psychological problems in children
• Identification of targets for intervention & prevention; Predict long-term outcomes
• Risk and protective factors; Develop & evaluate intervention & prevention programs
2
Q
What is the goal in cognitive treatment?
A
Focus on changing environment (antecedents, consequences)
3
Q
What is the family systems perspective?
A
Operates on the assumption that children’s abnormal behavior can be viewed in terms of relationships, not individual characteristics
4
Q
What is the continuum of parental sensitivity and expression?
A
child-centered –> borderline –> abusive/neglectful
5
Q
What is the CBT FEAR plan?
A
- Feeling Frightened
- Expecting Bad Things to Happen •Attitudes & Actions that will Help
- Results & Rewards
6
Q
What is pruning?
A
a process of removing neurons which may have become damaged or degraded in order to further improve the “networking” capacity of a particular area of the brain
7
Q
How long must a patient exhibit symptoms of GAD before being diagnosed?
A
6 months
8
Q
What is a very important form of trauma treatment for children?
A
trauma focused-cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT)
9
Q
Describe TF-CBT.
A
use of stress inoculation training, gradually improve cognitive processing, working through the cognitive triangle, developing a trauma narrative and working through it
10
Q
What are cultural syndromes?
A
pattern of co- occurring, relatively invariant symptoms associated with a specific cultural group
11
Q
What are some cognitive disturbances experienced by children with anxiety disorders?
A
deficits in attention, memory, speech, or language; threat-related attentional biases; cognitive errors
12
Q
What are the four classes of child psychopathology?
A
behavioral disorders, emotional disorders, developmental and learning disorders, and disorders related to physical health
13
Q
What is the role of the frontal lobes in development of child?
A
self-control, judgment, emotional regulation; restructured in teen years
14
Q
What is systematic desensitization?
A
First, the child is taught relaxation techniques
Next, an anxiety hierarchy is created
Then, state of relaxation is induced while presented with stimuli
15
Q
What is the goal in psychodynamic treatment?
A
Help child develop insight into the unconscious factors contributing to the problem
16
Q
What is PCIT?
A
parent-child interaction therapy; two stages: relationship enhancement and child behavior management; coached interactions between parent and child build from structured implementation to use in public situations
17
Q
What are the four D’s of psychological abnormality?
A
- DEVIANT: Violates established social norms
- DISTRESSING: Causes distress to self and/or others
- DYSFUNCTIONAL: Interferes with daily functioning
- DANGEROUS: Increases a person’s risk of harm
18
Q
What is the role of the corpus callosum in development of child?
A
intelligence, consciousness, and self-awareness; reaches full maturity in 20s
19
Q
What may contribute to false indications of gender differences in disorders?
A
methodological factors in research, biases based on gender norms
20
Q
What is cortisol?
A
hormone produced in response to stress hormones, serves to inhibit stress hormones and therefore modulate body’s stress response; disruption of cortisol feedback loop can lead to states of increased anxiety and fear
21
Q
What are some clinical disorders that typically arise during ages 2-5?
A
speech and language disorders, problems stemming form child abuse and neglect, some anxiety disorders like phobias
22
Q
What is the function of a neuropsychological assessment?
A
links brain functioning with objective measures of behavior
23
Q
What are some cons of a diagnostic label?
A
Disagreement about effectiveness of labels to achieve their purposes
Negative effects and stigmatization
Can negatively influence children’s views of themselves and their behavior
24
Q
What is efficacy?
A
treatment effect within a research setting
25
What are two examples of neuropsychological assessment?
Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS), visual motor integrations
26
In CBT psychoeducation what three main components are addressed and how?
Somatic Symptoms --> Relaxation Training;
Cognitive Symptoms -- >Cognitive Restructuring;
Behavioral symptoms --> exposure, rewards
27
What does neuropsychological testing assess for?
* Cognitive functions
* Perceptual functions
* Motor functions
* Emotional/executive control
28
What is discontinuity in developmental psychopathology?
developmental changes that are abrupt and not necessarily predictive of future problems
29
What is modeling?
Therapist confronts the feared object; Child is then encouraged to join the therapist; Especially helpful if adult is someone child trusts
30
What are the four attachment styles?
secure, anxious/avoidant, anxious/resistant, and disorganized
31
What is multifinality?
a certain factor such as genetics or childhood maltreatment can cause many different outcomes
32
What are the ABCs of behaviors?
antecedents --> behaviors --> consequences
33
What is developmental psychopathology based on?
* Developmental milestones & tasks
* Comparison of abnormal and normative development
* Integration of etiological information
34
What is the Leiter 3?
IQ test, a measure of logical ability
35
What qualifications must a behavior have in order to be considered abnormal?
must be both atypical and harmful; they are usually developmentally inappropriate
36
What does serotonin do and what kind of disorders is it linked to?
moderates eating, sleeping, and anger; linked to OCD, depression, schizophrenia
37
What three things are child disorders defined by?
age inappropriateness, severity, pattern of symptoms
38
What is social anxiety disorder?
fear of social/performance situations involving new people or scrutiny
39
What are some pros of a diagnostic label?
Help clinicians summarize and order observations
Facilitate communication among professionals
Aid parents by providing recognition and understanding of their child’s problem
40
What did Arnold Gesell do?
recorded data and charted developmental norms
41
What is the HPA axis and what does it do?
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis; it is the brain's central response center to stress
42
What is the role of genetics in child psychopathology?
genes provide tendencies, vulnerabilities, and predispositions to respond to the environment in certain ways
43
Rorschach is a form of what?
projective testing
44
What is the main emphasis of evidence-based treatment (EBT)?
shift from efficacy (internal validity) to effectiveness (external validity)
45
What are six important factors to consider in the identification of problems of a youth?
developmental norms, cultural (race/ethnicity) norms, gender norms, situational norms, role of adults, changing views of abnormality
46
What does norepinephrine do and what kind of disorders is it linked to?
alarm responses, emotional/behavioral regulation; linked to sleep disorders, pain, depression, mania
47
What are the three assumptions in developmental psychopathology?
* Abnormal development is multiply determined
* Child and environment are interdependent
* Abnormal development involves continuities and discontinuities
48
What are some clinical disorders that typically arise during ages 6-11?
ADHD, learning disorders, school refusal behavior, conduct problems
49
Why is Emil Kraepelin's work significant?
he recognized that certain symptoms tend to occur together in syndromes; his work became the basis for modern classification systems of mental disorders and it was part of the first efforts made to classify childhood disorders
50
What new and prominent ideas came from Freud's psychosexual stage theory of development?
* Development during childhood influences functioning in adulthood
* Led to recognition of childhood as distinct period
51
What is the most common EBT across the board for different types of disorders?
cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
52
What is separation anxiety disorder?
worry about separation and harm befalling self or parent; one of two most common anxiety disorders
53
What is agoraphobia?
Fear or anxiety about certain places or situations (e.g. being in a crowd)
54
What is continuity in developmental psychopathology?
developmental changes that are gradual and can be predictive of future problems
55
What did John B. Watson hold?
that learning experiences can explain most behavior; had an emphasis on environment; developed theory of classical conditioning
56
What did E. L. Thorndike develop?
Law of Effect
57
What is the role of the parietal lobes in development of child?
integrate auditory, visual, and tactile signals; immature until age 16
58
Rewards for good behavior, praise, ignoring, and consequences are all what kind of approach to treatment?
behavioral
59
What important development in child psychopathology research started in 1920?
longitudinal studies of youth began all over the U.S.
60
What is classification defined as?
system for representing major categories or dimensions of child psychopathology
61
What is the OCD cycle?
obsessions --> anxiety --> compulsions --> temporary relief
62
What is CBITS?
cognitive behavioral intervention for trauma in schools; similar to TF-CBT but parent component is optional
63
What is an overactive BIS?
overactive behavioral inhibition system causes a child to rely more on basic fear responses than well-reasoned judgment
64
What characteristics do neglected children often exhibit?
Inconsistent behavior, undisciplined activity to extreme passivity
65
Who developed the ecological model?
Urie Bronfenbrenner
66
Who's theory was the firs attempt to understand mental disorders in psychological terms?
Sigmund Freud
67
Abuse is associated with over-activation of what brain area?
HPA axis
68
What is the role of the temporal lobes in development of child?
emotional maturity; still developing after age 16
69
What are sensitive periods?
Windows of time where environmental influences on development are particularly strong
70
What are some important considerations in defining abnormality that the book mentions?
definition of abnormality may be in terms of problematic relationships; definitions must consider competence and not just deficits; definition must determine whether symptoms are transient
71
What did Alfred Binet and Theophil Simon collaborate to do?
designed a test to identify children needing special education
72
What is allostatic load?
progressive “wear and tear” on biological systems due to chronic stress
73
What are two prominent personality tests?
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-A) and Personality Inventory for Children (PIC-2)
74
What is the function of the basal ganglia?
regulates, organizes, and filters information related to cognition, emotions, mood and motor function; linked to ADHD, OCD, and tics
75
What categories are tested for in the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-V)?
* Verbal Comprehension Index
* Visual Spatial Index
* Fluid Reasoning Index
* Working Memory Index
* Processing Speed Index
76
What is the most effective medication for OCD?
SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
77
What kind of environment do parents want to foster for healthy development of their child?
EXPECTABLE
78
What are some examples of disorders related to physical health?
eating disorders, sleep disorders, elimination disorders
79
What is emotional regulation?
enhancing, maintaining, and inhibiting emotional arousal
80
What is done in the child-centered approach to treatment?
Interact with child in empathic way to provide corrective emotional experience
where child is valued and accepted
81
What is panic disorder?
Recurrent, uncued panic attacks with anticipatory worry
82
What are the three components of anxiety?
behavioral, cognitive, and physical
83
What is the goal in CBT?
Interplay of thoughts, actions, and feelings
84
What did G. Stanley Hall do for psychology?
collected data on youth problems; established the APA
85
What ecological risk factors did Mian et. al. find to be associated with anxiety disorders in early childhood?
Maternal affective symptoms, community violence, and cumulative risk; Child symptoms and temperament were the strongest predictors of future anxiety
86
What characteristics do physically abused children often exhibit?
disruptive, aggressive, impaired emotional and cognitive functioning
87
What are developmental cascades?
process by which a child’s previous interactions may spread to other systems and alter the course of their development; this signals the importance of considering more than one theory
88
What is temperament?
organized style of behavior which shapes the child’s approach to his or her environment; it can influence later development by affecting the child’s development or self-control
89
What are the important structures of the limbic system?
amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate gyrus
90
What are the "microparadigms," or models of studying developmental psychopathology?
Biological Models, Emotional Models, Behavioral Models, Cognitive Models, Attachment Models, and Family-systems Models
91
What does categorical classification hold?
every diagnosis has an underlying cause and that each disorder is fundamentally different from other disorders
92
What are the roles of nature and nurture in neural plasticity?
nature provides basic structure/processes; nurture provides experiences necessary to mold connections
93
Why do we need theory?
it allows us to make informed and empirical predictions about behavioral & emotional outcomes
94
What are the four types of child maltreatment?
physical abuse, neglect, emotional abuse, and sexual abuse
95
What is the function of the limbic system?
emotion regulation, impulse control, basic drives of sex, aggression, hunger, and thirst
96
What is equifinality?
many possible beginnings like genetic patterns or environmental influences can cause the same outcome
97
What are some clinical disorders that typically arise during ages 12-20?
anorexia, bulimia, delinquency, suicide attempts, drug and alcohol abuse, schizophrenia, depression
98
What are some important criticisms of the DSM V?
Failure to capture complex adaptations, transactions, and settings
Less attention to disorders of infancy and childhood
Lack of emphasis on contextual factors
Categorical diagnoses can hinder children from gaining services
Focus limited to
overt symptoms (little information on underlying causes)
99
What is idiographic case formulation?
Assessments focus on obtaining detailed understanding of the child or family as a unique entity
• This is the focus of clinical assessment
100
What is the Bayley scale?
series of standardized tests that are Used to assess infants and young children for screening, diagnosis, and evaluation of early development
101
What does the transactional side of a disorder show?
Child and environment interact in a dynamic fashion to contribute to the expression of a disorder
102
What are the main types of neglect?
physical, emotional, and educational
103
What are Freud's three structures of the mind which make conflict inevitable?
Id, ego, superego
104
What are the components of stress inoculation training?
* Feeling identification
* Relaxation
* Thought stopping
* Cognitive coping (positive self talk)
105
What did Albert Bandura develop?
Social learning theory
106
What did B. F. Skinner develop?
Operant conditioning
107
What is effectiveness?
treatment generalizability, feasibility, expected benefits in the real world
108
What are some examples of developmental and learning disorders?
Autism, Intellectual Disability, Learning disorders
109
What are the three types of interviews and what kinds of questions are asked in each?
unstructured (open-ended questions), semi-structured (specific probes), or structured (series of specific questions, computerized diagnostic interviews)
110
What are special considerations when working with youth?
* Strong therapeutic alliance essential to enhancing outcomes
* Knowledge of developmental norms
* Developmentally appropriate interventions
* Protection of rights
111
How is anxiety defined?
mood state characterized by:
• Strong negative emotion
• Bodily symptoms of tension
• Apprehensive thoughts regarding the future;
is a disorder when it becomes excessive and debilitating
112
What is involved in a behavioral assessment?
functional analysis, behavioral observation, behavior rating scales/checklists
113
What are some examples of behavioral disorders?
“Externalizing disorders”, ADHD, Conduct problems
114
What is the role of specifiers in the DSM V?
Used to rate subtypes of the disorder, co- occurring conditions, or course or severity
115
What does dopamine do and what kind of disorders is it linked to?
may modulate other NTs, involved in pleasure-seeking; linked to schizophrenia, mood disorders, and ADHD
116
What four primary problems is treatment for anxiety and OCD disorders directed at?
* Distorted information processing
* Physiological reactions to perceived threat
* Sense of a lack of control
* Excessive escape and avoidance
117
What are some clinical disorders that typically arise during ages 0-2?
mental retardation, feeding disorders, autism
118
What are some common obstacles to seeking prevention and treatment?
Those most in need are the least likely to seek help
They are brought to treatment due to someone else’s concern
Parents fear losing their children or being charged with a crime
119
What are two types of checklists/rating scales?
global/broad (CBCL) and more specific measures (CDI)
120
What is generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?
Daily multiple unrealistic worries (interpersonal, future, competence); Children with GAD can be self-conscious, self-doubting, and worried about meeting expectations
121
What are the major assessment strategies?
clinical interviews, behavioral assessment, neuropsychological testing
122
What is flooding?
Child is exposed for a prolonged period, repeatedly over time; Causes great amount of distress
123
What is the goal in behavioral treatment?
Change maladaptive patterns of thinking, alter core beliefs
124
What does the behavioral model assume?
that the child is best understood by behavior in a particular situation (environment) than in terms of stable traits
125
What is etiology?
Study of factors that are related to the development of disorders - such as biological, psychological, and environmental factors
126
What is a risk factor?
increases the chances that an outcome will occur; increase chance for psychopathology
127
What are some examples of emotional disorders?
“Internalizing disorders”, Anxiety disorders, Mood disorders
128
What does benzodiazepine-GABA do and what kind of disorder is it linked to?
reduces arousal, moderates emotional responses; linked to anxiety disorders
129
What is necessary for someone to be diagnosed with panic disorder?
individual must exhibit at least 4 physical and/or cognitive symptoms of a panic attack
130
What are the main general approaches to treatment?
psychodynamic, cognitive, behavioral, CBT
131
What does dimensional classification hold?
many independent dimensions or traits of behavior exist and all children possess them to varying degrees
132
What is emotion reactivity?
threshold and intensity of emotional experience
133
What are two important movements in child mental health?
mental hygiene movement and child guidance movement
134
What is nomothetic formulation?
Emphasizes general inferences that apply to large groups of individuals
135
What does the theory of attachment say in regards to anxiety disorders?
Fearfulness is biologically rooted in emotional attachment needed for survival - Early insecure attachments become internalized and affect how children see the world
136
What is the focus in functional analysis?
the antecedents and consequences of the target behaviors
137
What are the steps in working with a trauma narrative?
gradually create the story, review it to challenge cognitive errors (reduce self-blame), share narrative with caregiver and get support
138
What are the broad causes of psychopathology?
biological influences, emotional influences, behavioral/cognitive influences, social influences
139
What is social cognition?
the way in which a child interprets a given situation cognitively will impact her behavior
140
In what factors do important gender differences in disorders lie?
prevalence of different diseases, timing, developmental change, expression of problems
141
What is competence?
ability to adapt to environment
142
What is the main technique for treating anxiety disorders?
behavioral exposure treatments; Children face what frightens them and learn ways of coping other than escape or avoidance
