Exam 1

Question 1

morphological distribution

Answer 1

what kinds of affixes appear on the word

Question 2

syntactic distribution

Answer 2

where in the sentence the word appears in/what other words appear near the word

Question 3

hierarchical structure

Answer 3

constituents are embedded one inside another to form larger constituents

Question 4

Constituency test

Answer 4

tests that show that a group of words functions as a unit and is thus a constituent

Question 5

Pro-form replacement

Answer 5

The young lady chased the old man

She chased him

Question 6

Movement

Answer 6

preposing: move an XP to the initial position
Clefting: It + be + XP + that + a clause
Passivization: XP + be + verb ed by…

Question 7

Sentence fragments

Answer 7

asking the question for the constituent

Question 8

Coordination

Answer 8

John is a doctor

John is a doctor and a lawyer

Question 9

TP –> {NP/CP] (T) VP

Answer 9

{} you can have either or, but not together

Question 10

node

Answer 10

the beginning/end of the branch

Question 11

root node

Answer 11

the node that dominates every node (but is dominated by nothing)

Question 12

terminal node

Answer 12

a node that dominates nothing

Question 13

non-terminal node

Answer 13

a node that dominates something

Question 14

R-expressions

Answer 14

An NP that gets its meaning by referring to an entity in the world

Question 15

Anaphors

Answer 15

An NP that obligatorily gets its meaning (or reference) from another NIP in the sentence

Question 16

Pronoun

Answer 16

an NP that may (but need not) get its meaning from another NP in the sentence

Question 17

Syntactic restrictions

Answer 17

The distribution of different types of NPs are each subject to a certain set of syntactic restrictions

Question 18

antecedent

Answer 18

an NP that gives its meaning to a pronoun or an anaphor

Question 19

indexation

Answer 19

means of representing the meaning (or reference) of an NP

Question 20

Co-indexing

Answer 20

if two Nps refer to the same entity, then they get the same index

Question 21

Binding Principle A

Answer 21

An anaphor must be bound within its binding domain

An anaphor must be c-commanded by a co-indexed NP

Question 22

Binding principle B

Answer 22

A pronoun must be free in its binding domain

Question 23

Binding principle C

Answer 23

An R-expression must be free (everywhere)

Question 24

One-replacement (for nouns)

Answer 24

only constituents can be replaced with one

Question 25

Conjunction

Answer 25

only constituents of the same category can be conjoined

N’s can be conjoined

Question 26

Do so replacement (for verbs)

Answer 26

John often [sings opera loudly] at church and Mary rarely [does so] in the library

Question 27

Conjunction test

Answer 27

The chef [eats beans] and [tosses salads] with forks

Question 28

So replacements (for adjectives)

Answer 28

Bob is very [angry about social violence] but less [so] than he used to be

Question 29

Endocentricity

Answer 29

every phrase has a head

Question 30

Specifier rule

Answer 30

XP -> (YP) X’

Question 31

Adjunct rule

Answer 31

X’ -> (ZP) X’ or X’ (ZP)

Question 32

Complement rule

Answer 32

X’ -> X (WP)