Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Cells that contain peptidoglycan
A
Prokaryotes
2
Q
“Living things are cellular organizations that are capable of reproducing themselves” is outlined in the…..
A
Overall cell theory (of what it means to be alive)
3
Q
Contain both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
A
Ampipathic
4
Q
3 components that make up the polar head of phospholipids
A
- ) choline
- ) phosphate
- ) glycerol
5
Q
Lipids that contain only one double bonded carbon in their tails
A
MonoUNsaturated
6
Q
Bilayers in aqueous solution form spheres called…..
A
Liposomes
7
Q
A spherical monolayer of phospholipids
A
Micelle
8
Q
Aspect that makes ions impermeable to membranes
A
Waters of hydration
9
Q
Allows separation of charge along membrane
A
Impermeability to ions
10
Q
Name for voltage across membrane
A
Membrane potential
11
Q
Describes viscosity of pure phospholipid bilayer
A
Olive oil
12
Q
Stiffens cell membranes
A
Cholesterol
13
Q
Function in cell recognition processes, regulate concentrations of specific ions on membranes
A
Glycolipids
14
Q
Proteins that extend across both sides of the membrane
A
Transmembrane proteins
15
Q
Transmembrane proteins that are chemically bound and fixed into place
A
Integral
16
Q
Proteins that exist on one side of the bilayer and can move from one side to the other
A
Peripheral proteins
17
Q
Does not require proteins, driven by concentration gradient
A
Passive diffusion
18
Q
Involves transport proteins, driven by concentration gradient
A
Facilitated diffusion
19
Q
Involves membrane proteins, moves against concentration gradient
A
Active transport
20
Q
Active transport that uses ATP
A
Primary active transport
21
Q
Active transport that doesn’t use ATP
A
Secondary active transport
22
Q
Saturable at Vmax
A
Carrier-mediated diffusion
23
Q
Unsaturable because it doesn’t require a transport protein
A
Passive diffusion
24
Q
Carrier that only transports one solute
A
Uniport
25
Carrier that transports two solutes in the same direction
Symport
26
Carrier that transports two solutes in the opposite direction
Antiport
27
The glucose carrier is a ___ ____ transport mechanism
Secondary active transport
28
Binding of one solute affects affinity of binding of different solute in same protein
Cooperative binding
29
The Na+/K+ pump is a ____ _____ transport mechanism
Primary active transport (uses ATP)
30
The Na+/K+ pump is a _____ (symport/antiport) that transports ___ Na+ (in/out) and transports ___ K+ (in/out)
Antiport mechanism-3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in
31
Solution that has high solute, low water (shrivels cells)
Hypertonic
32
Solute with high water, low solute concentration (lyses cells)
Hypotonic
33
Normal osmolarity for blood
280 mOsm
34
Cells engulfing material from their surroundings
Endocytosis
35
Cell secretion
Exocytosis
36
Engulfing large particles (cell eating)
Phagocytosis
37
Engulfing small particles (cell drinking)
Pinocytosis
38
Exocytosis that involves vesicles
Constitutive secretory pathway
39
Exocytosis that requires extra cellular signal
Regulated secretory pathway
40
Protein that is activated by receptor
Effector
41
Type of signaling that is important for types of immune function and development
Contact dependent
42
Signaling released into extracellular space
Paracrine
43
Signaling that allows specific and rapid delivery across large distances
Synaptic
44
Slow nonspecific signaling in low concentrations across bloodstream
Endocrine
45
Ion linked, G-protein linked, and enzyme linked are all ____ _____ receptors
Cell surface receptors
46
Receptors gated by neurotransmitters
Ion linked
47
When these receptors open, they create a pore in the membrane
Ion linked
48
Ion channels that have 5 distinct subunits
Pentamers
49
Single long polypeptide with 7 transmembrane spanning regions
G-protein linked
50
affected by Gs and Gi activity
Adenylyl cyclase
51
Adenylyl cyclase regulates activity of....
cAMP
52
Activated by Gq
Phospholipase C
53
Phosphatidylinositol 4-5 biphosphate breaks into which 2 molecules
1. ) IP3
| 2. ) DAG
54
Enzyme linked receptors have ___ transmembrane domain(s)
1
55
When cytosolic and nuclear receptors are active, they bind to ___ and regulate ____
Bind to DNA and regulate transcription
56
Separation of charges creates ____
Voltage
57
Net flow of a charge is known as a
Current
58
Measure of the ease of current flow between two points
Conductance
59
Current = voltage x conductance
Voltage = current x resistance
Ohm’s law
60
Measure of the ability to separate charge
Capacitance
61
Weighted average of equilibrium potentials for all permeable ions
Resting equilibrium
62
Equilibrium potential for K+
-87 mV
63
Equilibrium potential for Na+
59 mV
64
Resting membrane potential for a neuron
-59 mV
65
2 main variables that affect speed of propagation
1. ) resistance of axon
| 2. ) capacitance of membrane
66
Speed ____ as Ra x Cm ______
Speed increases as Ra x Cm decreases
67
As the diameter of an axon increases, the Ra ____ and the Cm _____
Decreases, increases
68
_____ decreases Cm without changing the resistance
Myelination
69
Glial cells (oligodendrytes) produce _____
Myelin
70
Utilizing nodes of ranvier causes _____ conduction
Saltatory
71
Disease caused by demyelination
Multiple sclerosis
72
Nerves that facilitate communication between CNS and body
Peripheral nerves
73
Sensory neurons that carry info from body to CNS
Afferent
74
Motor neurons that carry info from CNS to body
Efferent
75
Innervates skeletal muscle
Somatic
76
Have a soma located in ventral horn
Somatic neurons
77
Postsynaptic receptors of somatic nervous system
nAchRs
78
All autonomic efferent outputs are
Disynaptic
79
Another name for SNS
Thoracolumbar
80
Another name for PSNS
Craniosacral
81
Balance between SNS and PSNS
Autonomic tone
82
Group of nerve cell bodies located outside CNS
Ganglia
83
Postganglionic receptors of SNS release
Norepinephrine
84
Types of receptors on postganglionic neurons of SNS
Adrenergic
85
Postganglionic neurons of PSNS release
ACh
86
Types of receptors on postganglionic neurons of PSNS
mAchRs (muscarinic, G-protein linked instead of ion linked)
87
Ganglion outside of SNS chain, part of enteric NS, innervates digestive system
Prevertebral ganglion
88
Cardiovascular reflexes are regulated in the
Brainstem
89
2 components that make up acetylcholine
1. ) choline
| 2. ) acetyl CoA
90
Enzyme that breaks down ACh
ACh-esterase
91
Types of postganglionic receptors in SNS for sweat glands
mAchRs (exception to normal)
92
Blocks exocytosis of ACh
Botulinum toxin
93
Example of catecholamine (tyrosine-derived transmitter)
Norepinephrine
94
Tyrosine + hydroxyl =
DOPA
95
DOPA - carboxyl = ?
Dopamine
96
Dopamine + hydroxyl = ?
Norepinephrine
97
A1 and A2 receptors: high affinity for ______, low affinity for _____
A1 and A2: high affinity for NE, low affinity for isoprenaline
98
B1 receptors: high affinity for ____, low affinity for _____
B1: high affinity for isoprenaline, low affinity for NE and epi (equally low)
99
B2 receptors: high affinity for ____, low affinity for _____
B2: high affinity for isoprenaline, low affinity for NE (epi in middle)
100
Released w/ transmitters on pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic fibers
Neuropeptides
101
Connects muscle to bone
Tendon
102
Connective tissue that surrounds entire muscle
Epimysium
103
Contains individual muscle cells
Fascicle
104
Connective tissue that surrounds fascicles
Perimysium
105
Smallest contractile unit
Myofibril
106
Connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers
Endomysium
107
Mono-nucleated, undifferentiated cells
Myoblasts
108
Site where some new muscle cells can be formed
Satellite cells
109
Muscle fiber differentiation is set/completed at....
Birth
110
Membrane of muscle cell
Sarcolemma
111
Cytoplasm of muscle cell
Sarcoplasm
112
Smooth ER in muscle cell
SR (sarcoplasmic reticulum)
113
Lines edges of sarcomere, contains thick filaments
Z-discs
114
Portion of sarcomere that contains ONLY thick filaments
A-band
115
Between A-bands, contains ONLY thin filaments
I-band
116
Center of the H band that links thick filaments
M-line (marries thick filaments)
117
Individual globular units of actin
G-actin
118
Chain of G-actin
F-actin
119
Protein that binds cap-Z to Z disc
Actinin
120
Covers myosin binding sites on actin molecules
Tropomyosin
121
3 protein complex on myosin binding site that acts as Ca2+ sensor
Troponin
122
Caps thin filament at end of H-zone
Tropomodulin
123
Found on M-line of sarcomere
Myomesin
124
Connects thick filaments to Z-disc
Titan protein
125
Lack of ATP over extended period of time
Rigor mortis
126
Calcium-induced calcium release is caused by Ca2+ binding to _____receptors, which allow Ca2+ to get from the ______ to the _______
Ryanodine receptors, cause Ca2+ to get from the SR to the sarcoplasm
127
Single alpha motor neuron and all muscles it innervates
Motor unit
128
Site where NS meets muscle
NMJ (neuromuscular junction)
129
Portion of NMJ that contains ACh-esterase
Basal lamina
130
Not striated
| Mono-nucleated
Smooth muscle
131
Modulated by endocrine signaling
Smooth muscle
132
Releases NE and Epi (more Epi)
Adrenal medulla
133
Muscle disease caused by defects in costameres
Muscular dystrophy
134
Autoimmune disease that causes demyelination
MS (multiple sclerosis)
135
MS mainly effects
Women
136
MD mainly effects
Men (only disease that effects more men that women!!!!!)
137
Muscle disease caused by reduced function of nAchRs at NMJ
Myasthenia gravis (grave danger)
138
Genetic disorder that causes rapid contractions, which causes a sudden increase in overall body temp (caused by volatile anesthetic agents and/or depolarizing muscle relaxants)
Malignant hyperthermia
139
Types of neurons in enteric plexus
Postganglionic PSNS neurons
140
Prevertebral SNS ganglion
Adrenal medulla
141
Cells in adrenal medulla that respond to ACh from SNS chain
Chromaffin cells
142
Produced in adrenal medulla via methylation of NE
Epi
143
Bind to GABA receptors and intensify/prolong function (make receptors more sensitive to GABA)
Barbiturates/tranquilizers
144
Poison that binds to nAchRs at NMJ, causes paralysis
Curare
145
Types of compounds that lower BP, relieve chest pain, correct irregular heart beats, prevent migraines
Beta-adrenergic (beta blockers)
146
Drugs used for insomnia, depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia all bind to _____ receptors
Ion-linked
147
Small water soluble molecule that binds to receptors on smooth ER, causes a release of Ca2+
IP3
148
Activates Ca2+ dependent kinase C
DAG
149
Activated by Gq protein
Phospholipase C
150
Active subunit of Gi that can modulate function of ion channels
Beta-gamma
151
Secondary messenger of adenylyl cyclase
cAMP
152
Binds to genes and allows for transcription
CREB
153
Phosphorylates CREB
Protein Kinase A (PKA)
154
Bulk solutions have a ____ net charge
Neutral
155
Size of ionic flux needed to produce voltage change is dependent on
Surface area
156
Effect of flux on ionic gradients is dependent on
Volume
157
The low protein to lipid ratio in myelin increases....
Resistance
158
Mitochondria have a ____ protein to lipid ratio
High (3.2)
159
Presynaptic to postsynaptic direction
Orthodromic
160
Amino acid residues lining transmembrane regions of subunits determines the ____ ____ of a channel
Ionic selectivity
161
GABA receptors are selective to
Cl-
162
Secondary messenger to Gq
IP3
163
Amount of cAMP found normally in body
10^-7
164
Reflex arcs for the ANS go through which part of the brain?
Medulla and pons
165
Stimulates hormone secretion
Hypothalamus
166
Blocks muscarinic receptors, used to dilate eyes
Atropine
