Exam 1

Question 1

Quasi-Experiment

Answer 1

Not fully randomizing/IV’s not manipulated

Question 2

Interval Measurement

Answer 2

Equal distances between points, but no absolute 0 (e.g. self-report scale 0-80)

Question 3

Test-Retest Reliability

Answer 3

Getting the same results regardless of when you give the test

Question 4

Uncontrolled Extraneous Variables

Answer 4

E.g. Floors 2 & 4 in nursing home–> different groups

Question 5

Demand Characteristics

Answer 5

Anything that tips the subject off to the hypothesis

Question 6

When is informed consent not required

Answer 6

Minimal risk (e.g. anonymous info, bland info)

Question 7

Belief Perseverance

Answer 7

clinging to a belief even if someone disproves it

Question 8

Confirmation Bias

Answer 8

interpreting info in a way that reaffirms preexisting beliefs

Question 9

Availability Heuristic

Answer 9

events w/ strong emotional ties feel like they happen more often (e.g. casino, airplane crash)

Question 10

Basic Research

Answer 10

No intervention, for the purpose of gaining knowledge

Question 11

Applied Research

Answer 11

Does something to improve people’s life

Question 12

Crombach’s Coefficient

Answer 12

Internal consistency–> how correlated are the items that you are looking at

Question 13

Observer Bias

Answer 13

E.g. coder’s coding predictors and outcome

Question 14

Construct Validity

Answer 14

the extent to which you are actually measuring what you want to measure

Question 15

Criterion Validity

Answer 15

the extent to which a measure is linked to real world behavior

Question 16

Content Validity

Answer 16

how well the items of a measure represent the entire universe of potential outcomes

Question 17

Face Validity

Answer 17

the items of a measure look/feel like they correctly measure what you are looking at

Question 18

Ordinal Data

Answer 18

ordered numerical data w/ different distances between them (e.g. ranked data)

Question 19

Why don’t you explain hypotheses when giving informed consent?

Answer 19

Demand characteristics

Question 20

Tuskegee Study

Answer 20

400 black men with syphilis were untreated

Question 21

Willowbrook Study

Answer 21

Children intentionally given hepatitis to track the development of a viral infection

Question 22

M-K Ultra Study

Answer 22

Subjects given LSD and put in isolation to see if there were military applications for LSD

Question 23

Nuremberg Trials

Answer 23

Tried for war crimes–> camp detainees were subjected to experiments

Question 24

Gender of confederate (what kind of variable)

Answer 24

Extraneous variable held constant/controlled

Question 25

Type 1 Error

Answer 25

Rejecting the null hypothesis when they isn't a relationship between the variables

Question 26

Type 2 Error

Answer 26

Accepting the null hypothesis when a relationship exists between the variables

Question 27

External Validity

Answer 27

extent to which results generalize to the real world

Question 28

Ratio Scale

Answer 28

two items have a numerical difference/ratio between them (E.g. Kelvin scale, time)

Question 29

Mundane Realism

Answer 29

how closely an experiment mirrors real life

Question 30

Internal Validity

Answer 30

Degree of precision in manipulating/measuring variables

Question 31

Experimental Realism

Answer 31

How emotionally invested subject's get (E.g. Milgram's Obedience Study)

Question 32

Nominal Scale

Answer 32

mutually exclusive categories w/ no numerical information (E.g. race, gender, ethnicity)

Question 33

Population Sampling

Answer 33

sample every person in the population that you want to study (Basically random sampling)

Question 34

Sample

Answer 34

Subset of population that actually participates in the study

Question 35

Representative Sample

Answer 35

if the sample demographic matches the overall population

Question 36

Random Sampling

Answer 36

Everyone has an equal probability of participating in the study

Question 37

Stratified Sampling

Answer 37

Making sure that at least 2 variables match the overall population (usually gender/race/ethnicity)

Question 38

Cluster Sampling

Answer 38

Randomly selecting clusters and using everyone in that cluster in the study

Question 39

Convenience Sample

Answer 39

Subjects consist of people who respond to an advertisement of your study **most used

Question 40

What reduces participant reactivity?

Answer 40

Unobtrusive measures

Question 41

Qualitative Study

Answer 41

Almost 100% interview

Question 42

Informed Consent

Answer 42

Info provided to show respect to the subject

Question 43

Minimal Risk Data

Answer 43

E.g. data from archival hospital records

Question 44

Jane Goodall Study

Answer 44

Naturalistic observation of chimpanzees

Question 45

Leon Festinger

Answer 45

Participant observation study of a cult