Exam 1

Question 1

What is anatomical position (or stance) of the human body?

Answer 1

Upright, face forward and palms facing forward

Question 2

What kind of plane divides the body into equal right and left halves?

Answer 2

Midsagittal

Question 3

What kind of plane divides the body into unequal right and left portions?

Answer 3

Parasagittal

Question 4

What kind of plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions?

Answer 4

Transverse or cross-section or axial

Question 5

What kind of plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions?

Answer 5

Coronal or frontal

Question 6

Know the nine regions of the abdominopelvic cavity and some major superficial organs located in each.

Answer 6

• Right hypochondriac (liver)
• Epigastric (liver, gallbladder, stomach, large intestine)
• Left hypochondriac (stomach, large intestine)
• Right lumbar (small intestine, large intestine)
• Umbilical (small intestine, large intestine)
• Left lumbar (small intestine, large intestine)
• Right iliac (small intestine, large intestine)
• Hypogastric (small intestine, large intestine, appendix, bladder)
• Left iliac (small intestine, large intestine)

Question 7

Know the four quadrants of the abdominopelvic cavity and some major superficial organs located in each.

Answer 7

• Right upper quadrant (RUQ) - liver, gallbladder, stomach, large intestine, small intestine
• Left upper quadrant (LUQ) - liver, stomach, large intestine, small intestine, spleen
• Right lower quadrant (RLQ) - large intestine, appendix, small intestine, bladder
• Left lower quadrant (LLQ) - large intestine, small intestine, bladder

Question 8

Know the terms associated with the various parts of the body (anterior and posterior).

Answer 8

Example: nasal is nose, brachial is arm, popliteal is back of knee, etc.

Question 9

Provide a description for each of these terms of relative position used by anatomists. Also know how to use these terms properly.

Answer 9

• Superior vs Inferior: above vs below
• Anterior vs Posterior: front vs back (also known as ventral vs dorsal)
• Medial vs Lateral: close to midline vs to the side
• Ipsilateral vs Contralateral: same side vs opposite sides
• Proximal vs Distal: closer to trunk vs farther away from trunk
• Superficial vs Deep: near surface of body vs deep within body
• Prone vs Supine: face down vs face up
• Peripheral: more correctly used instead of superficial when referring to nerves and blood vessels

Question 10

To what does the axial portion of the body refer?

Answer 10

Trunk, neck, head

Question 11

To what does the appendicular portion of the body refer?

Answer 11

upper limbs and lower limbs

Question 12

Where are body cavities located?

Answer 12

In the axial portion of the body

Question 13

What are the major anterior body cavities?

Answer 13

thoracic, abdominal, pelvic

Question 14

What are the major posterior body cavities?

Answer 14

cranial, vertebral

Question 15

What are the major cavities within the head?

Answer 15

Cranial, frontal sinuses, sphenoidal sinus, orbital, middle ear, nasal, oral

Question 16

What are the thoracic membranes covering the organs in the thoracic cavity?

Answer 16

Visceral pleura cover lungs; visceral pericardium covers heart.

Question 17

What are the thoracic membranes lining the thoracic cavity?

Answer 17

Parietal pleura covers cavity around lungs; parietal pericardium covers cavity around heart or the mediastinum.

Question 18

What is the abdominopelvic membrane covering the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity called?

Answer 18

visceral peritoneum

Question 19

What is the abdominopelvic membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity called?

Answer 19

parietal peritoneum

Question 20

Both visceral and pleural membranes are serous membranes. What does this mean?

Answer 20

They both secrete a slippery serous fluid that fills the “cavity” between the two membranes in order to decrease friction and allow organs to slide around in their cavities.

Question 21

What are the four types of tissue which are found in all vertebrate animals?

Answer 21

1. Connective
2. Epithelial
3. Muscular
4. Nervous

Question 22

What is a tissue? Organ? Organ system? Organism?

Answer 22

• Tissue: a group of similar cells performing a similar function
• Organ: a group of tissues performing a specialized function
  
  • Examples are the stomach, lungs, and heart which are made up of several tissues each.
• Organ system: a collection of several organs functioning together
  
  • Examples include:
    
    • The digestive system made up of these organs: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
    • The cardiovascular system made up of these organs: heart and blood vessels
    • The respiratory system made up of these organs: nasal cavity, throat, trachea, lungs
• Organism: collection of organ systems that carry on life processes
  
  • Example is a human with the various organ systems that he or she needs to live, including the digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, endocrine, urinary, etc.

Question 23

What are the four types of tissue and their major function(s)? Give an example.

Answer 23

1. Epithelial: protects, secretes, absorbs, excretes, and filters
   - Examples are skin and lining of the digestive tract
2. Connective: connects, supports, and transports
   - Example are tendons, bone, adipose (fat), and blood
3. Muscular: contracts and relaxes to provide movement and produce heat
   - Examples are skeletal (voluntary) muscle, smooth (involuntary) muscle, and cardiac (heart) muscle.
4. Nervous: conducts nervous impulses throughout the body or helps those that do
   - Examples are neurons and neuroglial cells.

Question 24

Name the types of epithelial tissue and their characteristics.

Answer 24

• Simple squamous: single layer of flattened, irregularly-shaped cells connected to a basement membrane
• Simple cuboidal: single layer of cube-shaped cells laying on a basement membrane
• Simple columnar: single layer of column-shaped cells laying on a basement membrane
• Pseudostratified columnar: single layer of column-shaped cells laying on a basement membrane
  
  • Appear to be two cell layers since the nuclei of the various cells may be close to the basement membrane or far away from the basement membrane
  • May have cilia and/or goblet cells
• Stratified squamous: layers or strata of simple squamous cells, with only the bottom layer of cells laying on the basement membrane
  
  • Example is the epidermis of the skin.

Question 25

What three components are found in all connective tissue?

Answer 25

1. Ground substance or matrix (noncellular) 2. Protein fibers (collagen, reticular, or elastic) 3. Specialized cells (fibroblasts and stem cells which produce new cells)

Question 26

What are the three types of connective tissue in vertebrates?

Answer 26

1. Fibrous (can be loose, dense, or adipose) 2. Supportive (can be cartilage or bone) 3. Fluid (can be blood or lymph)

Question 27

What are the three types of muscular tissue in vertebrates?

Answer 27

1. Skeletal (voluntary so we control its movement; attached to our bones) 2. Smooth (involuntary so we don’t control its contractions; lines our digestive tract) 3. Cardiac (involuntary so we don’t control its contractions; found in the heart)

Question 28

Nervous tissue is composed of cells called neurons. Describe the structure of a neuron. (Nervous tissue also has neuroglia, cells which support, protect and nourish the neurons.)

Answer 28

- Have cell body with a distinct nucleus - Dendrites branch off the cell body - Axon which is covered with myelin sheath exits the cell body

Question 29

What are the organs of the integumentary system made?

Answer 29

cutaneous membranes

Question 30

Give the name and location of the four different kinds of membranes.

Answer 30

1. Serous membranes: line body cavities that don’t open to the outside; secrete serous fluid 2. Mucous membranes: line cavities and tubes opening to the outside; secrete mucus 3. Synovial membranes: line joint cavities; secrete synovial fluid 4. Cutaneous membranes: cover the body as skin

Question 31

What is the largest organ by weight?

Answer 31

skin

Question 32

Name the major functions of the integumentary system.

Answer 32

- Protects the body from invading microorganisms (unless the skin is broken) - Prevents water loss from the body - Helps to regulate body temperature - Important in the synthesis of vitamin D - Has sensory receptors for touch, pain, pressure, and temperature - Excretes small quantities of wastes

Question 33

The integumentary system is composed of two distinct tissue layers. Name and describe them.

Answer 33

1. Epidermis: the outermost layer of the skin; composed of stratified squamous epithelial tissue; avascular (has no blood vessels) 2. Dermis: the innermost layer of the skin; composed of connective tissue (collagen, elastin, adipose, blood), smooth muscle tissue, and nervous tissue

Question 34

How does the function of the epidermis differ from that of the dermis?

Answer 34

The epidermis protects the body, and the dermis nourishes the epidermis with its blood vessels.