Exam 1 Flashcards by Derick Duval

What is epidemiology?

The study of how disease is distributed in populations and the factors that influence or determine this distribution.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the first objective of Epi?

To identify the etiology or cause of a disease and the relevant risk factors

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the second objective of Epi?

To determine the extent of disease found in the

community.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the third objective of Epi?

To study the natural history and prognosis of disease.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the fourth objective of Epi?

To evaluate both existing and newly developed preventive and therapeutic measures and modes of health care delivery.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the fifth objective of Epi?

To provide the foundation for developing public policy relating to environmental problems, genetic issues, and other considerations regarding disease prevention and health promotion.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the 10 great Public Health Achievements?

Immunizations
Motor-Vehicle Safety
Workplace Safety
Control of Infectious Diseases
Declines in Deaths from Heart Disease and Stroke
Safer and Healthier Foods
Healthier Mothers and Babies
Family Planning
Fluoridation of Drinking Water
Tobacco as a Health Hazard

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are primary preventions?

Vaccine/ immunizations

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are secondary preventions?

screening

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are tertiary preventions?

rehabilitation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which is more expensive

Population-based or High risk approach?

High risk approach

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is a Prognosis?

the likely course of a disease or ailment

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is an endemic?

the presence of a disease within a given area

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is an epidemic?

a disease/ illness in excess of normal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is a pandemic?

Worldwide epidemic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What was Edward Jenner known for?

Small Pox vaccine

“Cowpox”

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What was Ignaz Semmelweis known for?

Childbed fever

Hand washing

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What was John Snow known for?

Cholera

Germs in water

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How many opioid related deaths in the US were there in 2016?

64,000

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is chronic disease?

A disease that persists for a long time

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How long does a chronic disease last?

3 months or more

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How many deaths occur from chronic diseases worldwide?

60%

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Who does chronic diseases mostly affect?

Older people

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In the Chronic Disease Continuum where would primary prevention be used?

Individual behaviors

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In the Chronic Disease Continuum where would secondary prevention be used?

Chronic conditions

In the Chronic Disease Continuum where would tertiary prevention be used?

Chronic disease

What is 86% of the annual health care cost used for?

People with chronic and mental health conditions

What is the main driver of healthcare cost in the US?

An aging population

What are the stages of the Trantheoretical Model?

``` Precontemplation (Enter) Contemplation Determination (Exit/Re-entry) Action (Exit/RE-entry) Relapse Maintenance (Recovery) ```

What is the entry stage of the trantheoretical Model?

Precontemplation

What are the re-entry/exit stages of the trantheoretical model

Determination (Exit/Re-entry) | Action (Exit/RE-entry)

What are the 4 goals chronic disease prevention and control?

1. Reduce the incidence of disease 2. Delay the onset of disease and disability 3. Alleviate the severity of disease 4. Improve the health-related quality and duration of the individual’s life

When were doctors no longer expected to provide free services?

1920s

When was Truman's plan denounced?

1940s

When was the income of doctors raised?

1920s

When was the push for health insurance within the Roosevelt administration?

1940s

When was President Nixon's plan for national health insurance rejected?

1960s

Who signed Medicare & Medicaid into law? When?

President Johnson | 1960s

Who renamed the prepaid group health care plans? When?

President Nixon | 1980s

When did insurance companies begin complaining about service methods?

1980s

When did the cost of health care double?

1990s

When did medicare start providing the most healthcare?

2000s

When did the rate of uninsured people hit an all time high?

2010

What was the highest rate of uninsured people?

18.2%

Chronic disease are responsible for what percentage of healthcare cost in the US?

75-80%

What is Epidemiologic Surveillance?

Ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data in the process of describing and monitoring a health event

What are the two ways to monitor data of incidence

Quality adjusted life year (QALY) | Disablility adjsted life year (DALY)

What is data?

observations on one or more variables

What are variables?

Any quantity that varies

What are statistics?

Study of samples | Measures within samples

What are the forms of Categorical data?

Nominal Ordinal Qualitative

What are the forms of numerical data?

Discrete Continuous Quantitative

What is the difference between nominal and ordinal?

both are exclusive nominal is unordered ordinal is ordered (O = ordered)

What is the difference between discrete & continuous?

Discrete whole numbers Continuous all possible numbers

What is the geometric mean used for?

Skewed right data

What is weighted mean?

certain values are more valuable than others

What is range?

the difference between the largest and smallest observations in data

What is the interquartile range?

Central 50%

What is the Interdecile range?

Central 80%

What are the advantages of mean?

Uses all data values | Mathematically manageable

What are the advantages of weighted mean?

Uses all data values Mathematically manageable Ascribes relative importance to each observation Alegberically defined

What are the advantages of mode?

Easily determined by categorical data

What are the disadvantages of median?

Ignores most of the information Not algebraically defined Complicated sampling distribution

What are the advantages of geometric mean?

Uses all data values Mathematically manageable Appropriate for right skewed data

What are the disadvantages of weighted mean?

Weights must be known or estimated

What are the advantages of median?

Not distorted by outliers | Not distorted by skewed data

What are the disadvantages of mode?

Ignores most of the information Not algebraically defined Unknown sampling distribution

What are the disadvantages of mean?

Distorted by outliers | Distorted by skewed data

What are the disadvantages of geometric mean?

Only appropriate if the lof transformation produces a symmetrical distribution

What are determinants?

Any factor that brings about change in a health condition or other defined characteristics

What is a Diagnosis?

the identification an illness or other problem by examination of the symptoms

What does the first step of epi rely on?

descriptive data

What is the "Failure of Success"?

lower quality of life towards the end of life

Exam 1 Flashcards

(73 cards)