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Principles of Biology 1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(115 cards)

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1
Q

What are the steps of the scientific method?

A

Observation, Question, Hypothesis, Prediction, Tests/experiments, and conclusion

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2
Q

Hypothesis

A

A tentative answer to the question

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3
Q

theory

A

has been supported over many years with many scientists doing multiple experiments that all support the hypothesis.

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4
Q

How to design an experiment

A

Within an experiment, we have a positive and negative control. We then divide the controls into an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group can change while the controlled group is controlled.

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5
Q

Which of the following is not a characteristic of life

A

having a pulse

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6
Q

valence electrons

A

Valence electrons are in the outermost orbit and are used to form chemical bonds. There can be two atoms in the first orbit of an element, and a maximum of 8 in the second orbit. Whatever is left over is the amount of valence electrons.

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7
Q

ionic bonds have opposite charges

A

+/-

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8
Q

covalent bonds

A

share electrons

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9
Q

disulfide bridge

A

RSSR- the coupling of two thiol groups

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10
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

hydrogen bonds are the weakest bonds and they can be found between two water molecules.

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11
Q

weakest to strongest bonds

A

hydrogen, ionic, single covalent, double covalent, triple covalent

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12
Q

Isotope

A

is when there are more neutrons than what the atomic number tells us. example C13 = 6p + 7n

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13
Q

radioactive isotope

A

is when an atom cannot hold onto all the neutrons so it kicks one off, forming a radioactive isotope. like when carbon 14 kicks off one of the 8 neutrons.

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14
Q

atomic number

A

number of neutrons

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15
Q

atomic weight

A

a weighted average of protons and neutrons. Electrons are not included in this calculation because they are so lightweight.

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16
Q

element

A

single element

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17
Q

compound

A

2 or more separate elements together

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18
Q

characteristics of water

A

good coolant, good solvent, cohesion, adhesion, can form ice, is hard to change the temperature.

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19
Q

hydrophobic

A

hates water

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20
Q

hydrophilic

A

loves water

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21
Q

the characteristics of water are due to hydrogen bonds

A

true

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22
Q

hydrogens are pushed away allowing ice to float on water

A

true

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23
Q

water

A

polar covalent unequal bond due to the electronegativity of oxygen and the two hydrogens pulling each other in opposite directions.

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24
Q

electronegative

A

slight negative charge

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25
what kind of bonds are inside a water molecule
polar covalent bonds
26
what kind of bonds are between two water moleules
hydrogen bonds
27
buffer
maintains the ph of a solution
28
when substracting ph6-ph4 you gain 2 so 100x
true
29
acidic on the ph scale
1-6
30
neutral on the ph scale
7
31
the only level of human blood on the ph scale
7.35-7.45- homeostasis of blood
32
basic on the ph scale
7.01-14
33
for every change in ph #, you either gain 10x or lose 10x hydrogens. the x is also referred to as a fold.
true
34
hydrolysis
the breaking of a compound by the addition of water
35
dehydration sythesis
the loss of a water molecule to form a new compound
36
hydrocarbon
a hydrocarbon is composed strictly of hydrogens and carbons
37
monomer
a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer
38
polymer
a bunch of monomers create a polymer.
39
macromolecule
a molecule that contains a very large number of atoms such as a protein, nucleic acid, or synthetic polymer.
40
hydrophobic
hydrophobic hates water
41
hydrophilic
hydrophilic loves water
42
polar
bonds that are partially ionic
43
nonpolar
covalent bonds with an equal sharing of electrons
44
4 types of organic compounds
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
45
the two characteristics of an organic compound
It is synthesized by cells and it contains carbon
46
what kind of bonds can carbon form
covalent
47
hydrocarbons are nonpolar and they do not dissolve in water
true
48
macromolecules
large molecules
49
macromolecules
are made up of polymers, which are joined units of small organic compounds called monomers.
50
Hemoglobin
is a polymer, made up of 4 monomers joined together
51
monomers->polymers->macromolecules
accurate
52
functional groups
tells us how the molecule will work and theyre used to make and break chemical bonds
53
R
represents the remainder of a molecule
54
hydroxyl group
R-OH
55
carbonyl group
R-COH (carbon has a double bond with oxygen)
56
What is an aldehyde composed of?
it has a carbonyl group at the end.. otherwise known as formaldehyde
57
Acetone
A ketone has an internal carbonyl group
58
a carboxyl group plus an amino group make up an amino acid
true
59
carboxyl group
R-COOH, polar, hydrophilic
60
amino group
R-NH2 can accept a hydrogen ion (h+, proton) which makes them weakly basic
61
Phosphate group
components of a nucleic acid (R-PO4H2)
62
Sulfhydryl group
R-SH
63
Methyl group
R-CH3
64
carbohydrates (CHO)
composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1
65
monosaccharide
a single carbohydrate
66
disaccharide
when two monosaccharides are linked together
67
polysaccharide
when three or more monosaccharides are linked together
68
disaccharides
formed through the formation of glycosidic linkage- linking of a central O to two carbons
69
there are two chemical linkages
dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis
70
dehydration synthesis
the loss of a water molecule to form a new compound
71
hydrolysis
the breaking of a compound by the addition of water
72
glucose
c6h12o6 (has to be in the 1:2:1 ratio)
73
deoxyribose
c5h10o5 | has to be in the 1:2:1 ratio
74
polysaccharides
links of hundreds of thousands of saccharide molecules though dehydration synthesis
75
excess sugar in the diet is stored as
glycogen
76
glyogen
is stored in the liver and muscle cells.
77
joining two sugars, the bond between 2 glucose is glycosidic linkage
true
78
lipids
mostly carbon and hydrogen with few oxygen-containing functional groups. lipids are nonpolar and will not mix with water (hydrophobic). can only mix with nonpolar solvents
79
5 types of lipids
neutral fats, steroids, phospholipids, carotenoids, and waxes.
80
neutral fats
made of glycerol (alcohol) and 1,2, or 3 fatty acids.
81
When three fatty acids are linked to a glycerol molecule
triglyceride
82
unsaturated fatty acid
contains double bonds (liquid)
83
1 double bond=monosaturated, 2 or more=polysaturated
true
84
A saturated fatty acid contains single bonds, can impact more, and is a solid
true
85
Phospholipids: when a compound has both hydrophilic (glycerol head) and hydrophobic parts (fatty acid chains) the compound is amphipathic
true
86
what do phospholipids form when placed in water
bilayers
87
acids cannot break down fat, bile does
true
88
purpose of phospholipids
the major component of cell membranes
89
cartenoids
orange and yellow lipid pigments in plants. Insoluble in water. The purpose of cartenoids: photosynthesis
90
waxes
have one fatty acid linked to an alcohol. More hydrophobic than fats. The purpose is to protect and insulate. Waxes are the most hydrophobic fats.
91
steroids
purpose is to be used in the making of other organic compounds (cholesterol is a steroid)
92
proteins
enzymes are one type of protein and are extremely important in cellular function. an enzyme is a protein that changes the rate of a chemical reaction without changing its own chemical form.
93
amino acids contain a carboxy and amino group
COOH NH2
94
we cannot synthesize all the amino acids needed to sustain life- those that we cannot are called essential amino acids and must be obtained from diet
true
95
amino acids are linked together by dehydration synthesis and the bond between each amino acid is called a peptide bond.
true
96
polypeptide chains are made of
peptide bonds
97
2 glycins have
peptide bonds between them (dipeptide)
98
two amino acids linked together are known as
dipeptide
99
a chain of amino acids
polypeptide
100
how do you break the amino acid chain?
requires a molecule of water in the hydrolysis process
101
the shape of the protein contributes to its function
true! on test
102
primary structure
sequence of a chain of amino acids
103
secondary structure
the amino acid chain coils or unfolds, with hydrogen bonds holding the structure together.
104
a-helix
a spiral coil like a telephone chord ( found in hair, skin nails, wool)
105
b-sheet
hydrogen bonds form between different regions of the polypeptide and form a folded sheet. like a folded fan. (silk protein is an example)
106
tertiary structure
the protein takes on a 3-d shape and is called globular on fibrous, the shape is maintained with hydrogen bonding, ionic bonding, hydrophobic interactions(interior folds away from water) and/or disulfide bridges
107
disulfide bridges
form between the sulfhydryl groups found in the cysteines. The protein is now functional
108
quaternary structure
subunits of the protein bind together to form a large, multi unit protein
109
denaturation
when a protein is broken apart or its shape is changed in a process
110
purpose of proteins
structural support for cells, transport of compounds in and out of the cell, enzymatic reactions, and immune system responses.
111
nucleic acid determine the amino acid sequence of a protein
true
112
DNA and RNA are made up of nucleotides
nucleotides have 5 carbon sugars (deoxyribose for DNA) (ribose for RNA), one or more phosphate groups, and a nitrogenous base.
113
Dna nitrogenous base
deoxyribose, double stranded, double helix, 4 bases joined by hydrogen bonds across the helix. a=t c=g
114
Rna nitrogenous base
ribose, single stranded, ribbon shaped, 4 bases but no hydrogen bonds because RNA is single stranded. Thymine is replaced by uracil. AUGC
115
Cetral dogma of genetics
dna->transcription->rna->translation->proteins (RNP)

Principles of Biology 1 (3 decks)

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