Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Foundations 2 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(74 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Cerumen Impaction

A

Hearing loss, earache/fullness, itchiness, reflex cough

Treated with irrigation, mechanical removal, drops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Foreign Body

A

Asymptomatic

Urgent if: button batteries, live insects, penetrating TM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Otitis Externa

A

“swimmers ear”
Inflammation of external canal; allergic, dermatologic or infection (pseudomonas 38%) or fungi

Pain, pruritus, purulent discharge (black with fungal), hearing loss, fullness

Treated with topical amino glycoside or fluoroquinolone antibx (if no risk of perforated TM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Ramsay Hunt Syndrome

A

AKA herpes zoster oticus
Herpes simplex of ear (vesicles on outer canal)
Causes facial paralysis, pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Hematoma of External Ear

A

Traumatic auricular hematoma
Treated with drainage w/in 48hours
If not treated causes cauliflower ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Acute otitis media

A

Bacterial infection of middle ear, usually after URI
Most common bacteria-strep pneumoniae/haemophilus influenza
Most common in 4-24 months
Pain, pressure, hearing loss, fever, URI symptoms, immobile TM
Treated with 80-90 mg/kg/day amoxicillin divided twice daily (cephalosporin, doxycycline, macrolide if PCN allergic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When can you observe otitis media

A

6 months-2 years w/ unilateral AOM and mild symptoms, >2 unilateral or bilat if not severe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

When to give immediate antibx for AOM

A

under 6 months

<24 months if severe (mod-severe pain, pain >48 hours, temp >102*, bilat)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Chronic Otitis Media

A

Recurrent AOM
Perforated TM, conductive hearing loss
Treatment-removal of infected debris, earplugs, topical/oral antibx, surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Serous otitis media

A

Blocked Eustachian tube>negative pressure in middle ear
More common in kids
Conductive hearing loss, fullness
Treated w/ decongestants, antihistamines, nasal steroids, ventilating tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cholesteatoma

A

Chronic OM w/ neg pressure creating sac lined with squamous epithelium producing keratin
Assymptomtic or hearing loss, chronic infection>drainage
Treated with antibx drops, sx removal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Eustachian Tube Dysfunction

A

Edema of tube lining, causing neg pressure; viral URI or allergies
Fullness, fluctuating hearing, pain with pressure change, popping/crackling
Retracted TM, decreased TM mobility
Treated with decongestants, auto inflation, intranasal steroids, sx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Otic Barotrauma

A

Inability to equalize pressure in middle ear during air travel, rapid altitude change, and underwater diving
Poor Eustachian tube function is precursor
Presents with pain
Treated with decongestants, yam, auto-inflation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

TM Perforation

A

Small (<25%) will close on their own, large require sx

avoid water or ear drops until rupture is closed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Conductive hearing loss

A

External/middle ear
Obstruction, mass effect (fluid), stiffness, TM perforation
Caused by cerumen, OM, OE, trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss

A

Inner ear, more often sensory (cochlea)

Most often due to aging, loud noise, Menieres disease, head trauma, MS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Tinnitus

A

Mild-high pitched sounds (ringing, buzzing, hissing); continuous or intermittent
Usually sensory hearing loss
Can be pulsatile (hearing heartbeat-vascular abnormality) or staccato (rapid series of pops or clicks-middle ear spasm)
Treatment: underlying conditions, behavioral therapy, masking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Vertigo

A

Sense of motion without motion (spinning, tumbling, falling fwd or backward)
Vestibular neuritis/labrynthitis, meunière disease, benign positional vertigo
Rule out seizures, MS, wernicke encephalitis
Peripheral: sudden onset, N/V, tinnitus, horizontal nystagmus, hearing loss, eye motion in response to head turning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo

A

Sediment in semicircular canals
Provoked by changes in head position, brief recurrent episodes
Treatment: Epley maneuver, PT or OT referral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Labyrinthitis/Vestibular neuritis

A

Inflamed vestibular portion of CN 8, occurs post URI
Acute onset vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus, gait, N/V
MRI-dont miss cerebellar heme or infarction!
Treatment: antibx, vestibular suppressants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Meniere Disease

A

Vertigo syndrome due to peripheral lesion
Episodic vertigo 20 mins-hours, fluctuating hearing loss, tinnitus, unilateral ear pressure
Treatment: diuretics, lowsalt diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Vestibular schwannoma

A

Common intracranial tumors
Benign tumor of CN 8, begins in auditory canal, unilateral
Unilat hearing loss, continuous disequilibrium, tinnitus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Red eye possibilities

A

Blepharitis, chalazion, cellulitis, conjunctivitis, dacryoadenitis, corneal ulcer, uveitis, subconj heme, corneal abrasion, foreign body, hyphema, glaucoma, tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Blepharitis

A

Red eyes, gritty/burning sensation, excessive tearing, crusty lashes, light sensitivity, plugged glands
Treatment: warm compress, lid massage/hygiene, topical antibx, omega 3 for prevention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Cellulitis
Periorbital: Infection of soft tissues around eye (eyelids)-more common, eye pain, lid swelling/red, no vision change/fever/proptosis; treatment: amoxicillin if no MRSa, otherwise bactrim Orbital: infection of fat/muscles around globe (serious), caused by extension of infection in sinuses; eye pain, lid swelling/red, vision change, fever, proptosis, conjunctivitis; treatment: IV broad spectrum antibx, hospitalization
26
Conjunctivitis
``` Inflammation of conjunctiva Most common eye disease Normally viral-adenovirus symptoms of cold Treatment: cold compress ```
27
Bacterial conjunctivitis
S. pneumoniae, H flu and pseudomonas "eyes matted shut" Treatment: erythromycin ointment, fluoroquinolone drops
28
Allergic conjunctivitis
Bilateral, seasonal Itchiness, injection/chemosis Treatment: cold compress, topical/oral antihistamines
29
Dacryocystitis
``` Lacrimal sac infection Agressive antibx (clindamycin, vanc), may require sx ```
30
Entropion
Inward turned eyelids, can cause corneal abrasion | Treat w/ lubrication, will grow out of it
31
Ectropion
Outward turned eyelids, usually due to age | May require sx if excessive tearing or keratitis
32
Pingueculum
Yellow nodule on nasal conjunctiva, doesn't grow or require tx
33
Pterygium
Triangular groth on conjunctiva, grows, can threaten visual axis Wind, sun, dust exposure can cause drops/anti-inflammatories, may require excision
34
Chemical conjunctivitis
Acute pain/burning, blurry vision Decreased VA, corneal abrasion, red/pink/white Treatment: irrigation, drops, antibx, optometrist referral
35
Sunconj heme
Vessel rupture causing blood under conj. Vision unaffected, stops at limbus Treatment-reassurance
36
Hyphema
Ant chamber injury disrupts vasculature supporting iris/ciliary body (blunt trauma) Acute onset pain, photophobia, tearing, N/V/IOP rise, can cause VA decrease, heme in ant chamber Ophtho referral same day, supine bed rest; IOP control (diuretics), topical steroid, cyclo
37
Foreign Body
Pain, can't open eye, attempted irrigation, vision unaffected, tearing, injection, fluorescein staining if abrasion MUST evert eyelid, removal with qtip, lubricant/antibx drops
38
Perforated globe
Penetrating trauma Ant chamber shallow, misshapen pupil, vitreous leakage Emergency referral, avoid manipulation
39
Corneal Abrasion
Trauma to eye, acute onset pain, foreign body sensation, tearing, photophobia, can't open, fluorescein staining antibx drops, topical lubricant f/u 1-2 days NEVER send home with anesthetic drops
40
Corneal ulcer/keratitis
Due to infection (bacterial/viral/fungal/amebic) or contact abuse Eye pain, photophobia, tearing, decreased VA, injection, cloudy/hazy cornea Ophtho referral, moxifloxacin if bx, acyclovir if HSV
41
Uveitis/Iritis
Inflammation of uvea (iris, ciliary body, choroid) Immunologic (herpes, IBD) or trauma Pain, redness, photophobia, headache, tearing, decreased VA, limbal injection, constricted pupil, cells/flare, low IOP Ophtho referral, steroids, cyclo
42
Blow-out fracture
Compressive force to globe Pain, diplopia, restricted movement, decreased sensation, enophthalmos CT, can do Xray Emergent referral, antibx started ASAP
43
Glaucoma (acute angle)
Emergent, rare Pre-existing narrow angle, outflow obstructed building pressure at ciliary body Pain, headache, photophobia, blurry/light halos, N/V, decreased VA, red eye, fixed/dilated pupil, crescent shadow, increased IOP IV acetazolamide>oral, timolol, mitotic drops (constrictor), hourly IOP check until ophtho Iridotomy
44
Chronic Open angle Glaucoma
Progressive nerve damage (cupping) resulting in constricted visual field, increased IOP Typically asymptomatic/bilateral Consistent/reproducible optic disc/visual field/IOP abnormalities Topical hypertensives (timolol/dorzolamide), laser trabeculoplasty, sx trabeculectomy
45
URI/Common Cold
Most frequent acute illness Most commonly rhinovirus (30-50%), respiratory syncytial in kids, adenovirus causes throat pain Lasts 7-10 days w/ 2-3 day incubation Nasal edema/congestion, red throat, clear lungs Treatment: supportive care/education, zinc, nasal saline, decongestants, etc
46
Acute Rhinosinusitis
Viral (rhino, influenza, parainfluenza), can be bacterial Nasal congestion/obstruction, purulent nasal discharge, facial pain/pressure, maxillary tooth discomfort Red flags: fever 102 w/ headache, abnormal vision, change in mental status, neck stiffness, periorbital edema/redness Bacterial if longer than 10 days with no improvement Treatment: supportive care, if bacterial-amoxicillin-clavulanate/cephalosporin if pcn allergic
47
Chronic rhinosinusitis
sinusitis lasting 12 weeks or more reduction of smell, purulent drainage/mucus, CT showing opacification of sinuses Management: nasal irrigation, glucocorticoids, antimicrobials, antileukotriene agents
48
Allergic rhinitis
Intermittent <4 days/week or <4 weeks Persistent >4 days/week and >4 weeks moderate-severe: sleep disturbance, impaired work performance/daily activities, troublesome symptoms "allergic shiners", "allergic salute", pale blue nasal mucosa, clear rhinorrhea, pharynx cobblestoning, TM retraction Meds: glucocorticoid nasal spray, oral/nasal antihistamines, mast cell stabilizer
49
Chronic nonallergic rhinitis/vasomotor rhinitis
Triggers: temp changes, spicy food, odors/chemicals, alcohol use Nasal congestion/drainage, edematous turbinates (only nasal symptoms) Treat w/ topical glucocorticoids and antihistamines
50
Epistaxis
95% anterior bleed, but don't miss posterior bleed treatment: Continuous occlusion 10-15 min, lean forward, cold compress; or cautery or nasal packing (tampon, gauze, balloon); if persistent pack bilaterally
51
Nasal Polyps
Could be cystic fibrosis in kids, benign in adults Avoid aspirin if asthma also Nasal obstruction, anosmia, rhinorrhea, post nasal drip, pale swollen mucus covered mass Treat w/ topical corticosteroids or sx (high recurrence)
52
Malignant neoplasms
``` Rare in nose squamous cellor adenocarcinoma male>female Diagnose w/ biopsy Treatment: sx, radiation, oncology ```
53
Acute Pharyngitis
Group A strep 5-15% or viral (50%) Redness, tonsillar hypertrophy, purulent exudate, tender/enlarged nodes Rule out: epiglottis, peritonsilar abbess, Ludwig's angina, HIV, strep Supportive treatment, reassess 5-7 days
54
Group A Strep
Centor criteria: tonsillar exudate, tender cervical adenitis, fever, cough absent (don't test if 1 or 4) Rapid test sensitivity 70-90, specificity 90-100-culture for negs Treatment: Penicillin 500g 2-3/day for 10 days (or amoxicillin BID), macrolide if allergic Can cause rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis, scarlet fever... Refer if 7x in 1 year
55
Peritonsillar Abcess
Most common deep neck infection Strep pyogenes (group A) Severe sore throat, fever, "hot potato" voice, drooling; swollen tonsil w/ uvula deviation Drainage, amoxicillin x14 days, supportive care
56
Acute Laryngitis
Respiratory viruses or bacterial (strep sp., H flu, s. aureus) Noninfectious causes (vocal abuse, toxic exposure, GERD, polyps) Hoarseness, URI symptoms Treatment: treat underlying, humidification, voice rest, hydration; resolves 1-3 weeks-if longer could be cancer
57
Epiglottis
Viral or bacterial (haemophilus influenza type B most common) VACCINATION Could be immunodeficiency Fever 101-104, tripod position, *drooling, distress, dysphagia* stridor Caution with examination-normally normal Xray before other tests Send to ER, IV antibx, airway protection
58
HSV
Type 1 Coldsores; 10-15 days initial, 5 days recurrent Triggers: sunlight, fever, menstruation, stress, trauma treatment: antivirals, analgesics, fluids gingivostomatitis-primary infection, more severe
59
Coxsackie Virus
Hand/foot/mouth Low grade fever, malaise, abdominal pain, URI symptoms, lesions in mouth/feet/hands/buttocks Resolves in 2-3 days
60
Aphthous Ulcers
Canker sore HHV6, IBD, HIV or celiac disease on gums, tongue, lips, palate, mucosa, usually single lesion, recurrent painful shallow gray base w/ red halo Trigger: stress Treatment: topical corticosteroids/analgesics
61
Bechets
Inflammatory disorder Recurrent oral anogenital lesions >3x/year Refer to rheumatologist
62
Oral candidiasis
Thrush Candida albicans poor oral hygiene, dentures, DM, steroid use (inhalers), antibx use, HIV Painful creamy-white curd-like patches on mucosa, "thrush will brush", cotton mouth, loss of taste, pain eating/swallowing KOH wet prep/culture/biopsy for dx treatment: antifungals
63
Oral Lichen Planus
Autoimmune disease White plaques (won't brush off) or mucosal erythema or ulcers (cancer risk) or hyperkeratotic plaques; painless or painful dx with biopsy Treatment: pain management, steroids, cyclosporines
64
Oral leukoplakia
``` Hyperplasia of squamous epithelium Precancerous Can be associated with HPV White lesion that doesn't scrape off Irritants: smoking, dentures, lichen planus BIOPSY Pt education, can be SCC ```
65
Erythroplakia
Red, velvety plaque-like lesion >90% are cancerous, common w/ tobacco/alcohol MUST be biopsied Refer to ENT
66
Hairy Leukoplakia
Epstein Barr virus, almost exclusively w/ HIV White painless plaque on lateral tongue that doesn't come off Tx not necessary, can use antivirals
67
Mucoceles
Fluid filled cavities w/ mucus glands lining epithelium Oral truma May rupture, remove with cryotherapy or excision
68
Amalgam Tattoo
Benign | adjacent to fillings
69
Torus Palatinus
Benign bony lesion on hard palate, doesn't grow
70
Dental Carries (cavities)
Strep mutans Heat/cold intolerance refer to dentist
71
Sialolithiasis/Sialadenitis
Stone w/ or w/out inflammation Uncertain etiology (reduced salivary flow?) Risk factors: dehydration, trauma, gout, smoking, periodontal disease Most occur in whartons duct Pain/swelling of gland when activated, episodic or persistent Treatment: "milk" duct, sialagogues, discontinue aggravating meds, monitor for infection (s aureus), IV or oral antibx
72
Suppurative parotitis
Infection of parotid gland (viral or bacterial) Back-flow of saliva w/ oral flora into gland Sudden onset of firm red swelling areas around ear into mandible, severe pain/tenderness, difficulty opening mouth/swallowing, fever, chills Labs-elevated amylase Treatment: IV antibx, hydration, sx I&D if no improvement in 48hours
73
Ludwig's Angina
Most common Neck space infection Cellulitis of sublingual/submaxillary spaces Edema, erythema, induration of upper neck/floor of mouth, fever, fatigue, pain, difficulty swallowing, elevated tongue Check for airway compromise-CT scan Treatment: secure airway, hospitalize, IV antibx
74
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
90% of all oral cancer Tobacco/alcohol up tp 80% of cases Papules, plaques, erosions, ulcers that don't heal ENT referral-biopsy

Foundations 2 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions