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Epidemiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

_______= new cases of disease in a population over a specific period at the sum of the length of time

A

Incidence rate

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2
Q

How can precision be improved?

A

Increase sample size

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3
Q

This occurs due to systemic error inherent in the study method being used

A

Bias

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4
Q

If the measure of association <1

Is it positive, neg., or no association?

A

Negative association, “protective factor”

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5
Q

________= due to factors that affect the selection of study subjects their participation in the study and/or their completion of the study

A

Selection bias

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6
Q

What type of sampling is this?

It does not require a sampling frame, only an estimate of total population size and a means of sampling subjects at a predefined interval

A

Systemic Random sampling

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7
Q

If the measure of association >1

If it positive, neg., or no association

A

Positive association, “risk factor”

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8
Q

Can the extent of bias be determined?

A

NO

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9
Q

________=the proportion of cases of a specific disease that are fatal within a defined time period following disease onset or diagnosis

A

Case-fatality rate

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10
Q

Alternative hypothesis

A

There is an association between exposure and disease

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11
Q

________ is the proportion of the population that is diseased

A

Prevalence

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12
Q

______ same sizes —> _______ power

A

Larger, more

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13
Q

__________= occurs during an outbreak, when period of risk is limited and cases arise from exposure and are likely to occur in the risk period

A

Attack rate

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14
Q

Does systemic error bias a study?

A

yes

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15
Q

A defined collection of individuals who share one or more observable characteristics as specified in the definition

A

Population

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16
Q

________= the extent to which a measure of association from a study differs from the true measure of association in the source population, due to systemic error

A

Bias

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17
Q

_________=a distortion of the underlying relationship between an exposure and outcome by a third factor

A

Confounding

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18
Q

________= the ability to make correct inferences about the association of interest in the source population

A

Internal validity

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19
Q

This approach focuses on populations, it describes population with more disease or less disease

A

Epidemiological approach

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20
Q

Does the third factor influence both the exposure and the outcome?

A

yes

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21
Q

___________= the proportion of “test negative” animals that are non-diseased

A

negative predicted value

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22
Q

Does bias affect validity?

A

Yes

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23
Q

_______= refers to the absence of systemic error in a study result

A

Validity

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24
Q

__________= new cases of disease in a population over a period of time

A

Incidence risk

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25
_______= population to which we may want to generalize our results
Target population
26
_______ cluster sampling, randomly select clusters and sample within selected clusters
One stage cluster sampling
27
________= the proportion of the population with the disease/condition at a single point in time
Point Prevalence
28
_______=Population from which the subjects were drawn
Source population
29
_________= the proportion of the population with the disease/condition over a specific period of time
Period Prevalence
30
What type of sampling is this: Each subject in the population has an equal chance of being selected
Simple random sampling
31
_______= incidence risk/rate where death is the outcome
Mortality risk/rate
32
_________= this test has a continuum of possible answers
Continuous test
33
__________ uses the sample data to calculate a range of reasonable values that are intended to contain the true proportion of diseased animals in the population, accounts for random error
Interval estimate
34
__________ a common measure of random error
Variance
35
_________introduces an important source of error into epidemiological studies
Sampling
36
P-value
The probability of observing an association as extreme as the one in the sample, if null hypothesis was in fact correct
37
Every individual in the population is evaluated
Census
38
_________ Epidemiology describes the health status of specified populations, its goal is to estimate, with some precision the frequency and distribution of selected outcomes in a defined population
Descriptive
39
What is the opposite of random error
Precision
40
________= the ability to make correct inferences about the association of interest in the source population
External validity
41
If the measure of association =1 Is the a positive, neg., or no association.
No association
42
________= this applies to apparently healthy members of a population to detect the presence of clinical disease/sub-clinical/disease causing agent
Screening test
43
___________Epidemiology | Uses research to identify potential casual associations between exposure and health related outcomes
Analytical
44
______________= any potential determinant of disease or health status, may increase or decrease the occurrence of disease or have not effect at all
Exposure
45
What allows us to deal with random error ?
Statistical inference
46
_______ is the ability of a study to detect an assoc. if one exists
Power
47
_________= how quickly new cases develop over a defined period of time
Incidence rate
48
________= this test provides information that aids in classifying animals as having a disease or not
Screening/ diagnostic test
49
What causes bias?
Systematic error
50
_________= the proportion of “test positive’ animals that are diseased
Positive predicted Value
51
Only a subset of individuals drown from the population are evaluated, more feasible
Sample
52
_______= is used to assess the magnitude of the relationship between an exposure and the disease of interest in the population
Association
53
________= a result or response, usually a disease or some other change in health status
Outcome
54
_________= the probability of being diseased at a given point in time
Point prevalence
55
_________= this test is used to confirm or classify disease status, so as to guide treatment or aid in prognosis
Diagnostic test
56
What type of sampling is this? A natural collection of study subjects
Cluster sampling
57
Does random error bias a study?
No
58
Which is more important Internal or external validity?
Internal
59
Null hypothesis
No association between exposure and disease
60
_________= is the divergence due to sampling variation of the measure of association in the sample from the true measure of association in the population.
Random error
61
_______= all individuals are at risk in the study of getting disease, open population, animals are in/out throughout the study
Incidence rate
62
_________=the process of drawing conclusions about a population based on data from a sample of that population
Statistical Inference
63
What 3 conditions must the third factor meet?
1) Assoc. w/ exposure 2) Assoc. w/ outcome 3) not in the casual pathway between the exposure and the outcome
64
_________uses the sample data to calculate a single number to estimate the proportion of diseased animals in the population
Point estimate
65
Once an exposure is shown to be associated w/ the disease, it is a __________.
Determinant
66
This approach focuses on individuals, the etiology is known, treat diagnosis
Clinical Approach
67
________ measures how frequently susceptible individuals become diseased as they are observed over time
Incidence
68
________=the probability of becoming diseased over a defined period of time
Incidence risk
69
______ cluster sampling randomly select clusters then randomly select subjects from within those clusters
Two stage
70
Is there a formal method to deal with systemic error?
No
71
_________= are the subject study, selected from a source population
Study population
72
__________= this test only has 2 possible answers
Dichotomous test
73
________= due to factors that affect the accuracy of information on the exposure and outcome
Misclassification
74
______= the error that is inherent to the study method being used, which would result in a predictable and repeatable error.
Systemic error
75
_______ can be measure in a closed population, no additions or losses over the period of the study, the entire population at risk must be followed from the start to end
incidence risk
76
What type of sampling is this? Prior to sampling, divide population into mutually exclusive strata based on factors likely to affect disease occurrence
Stratified sampling methods
77
_______ in desired absolute precision= _______ sample size
Increased, increased
78
_________= mortality risk/rate due to specific disease/event
Specific mortality risk/rate
79
_______= the probability of being diseases over a defined period of time
Period Prevalence
80
What are 2 advantages of Cluster sampling?
1) only need sampling frame of clusters | 2) more cost-effective than simple random sampling

Epidemiology (1 decks)

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