Exam 1 Flashcards by Angela Riccelli

Endocrine

acts on tissue far away from site of production

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Paracrine

acts on a site adjacent to site of production

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Autocrine

acts on tissue that produced it

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Physiological pH

7.4

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Acidosis pH

< 7.35

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Alkylosis pH

> 7.45

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Roles of water in the body

universal solvent: dissolves solutes
Ability to maintain temperature
maintain pH

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All fatty acids with 4 or fewer carbons

(2) acetate
(3) propionate
(4) butyrate

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All fatty acids with 14 or more carbons

(14) myristate
(16) polmitate: most common
(18) stearate

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Generic ester bond

C-O-C

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What do cis and trans refer to?

whether the bonds are on the same side or opposite

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Understand why trans and saturated fats are “bad” for your health

b/c they can stack easily and can become more solid

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Fluidity of fatty acids

Fluidity increases with an increase of cis db
Fluidity increases with decreased linearity
Fluidity increases with decrease in # of carbons
Fluidity increase with decreased # trans db

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Name two essential fatty acids

linoleic acid

linolenic acid

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Name the essential amino acids for the cow

none, microbes produce for them

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Branched chain AA

valine
leucine
isoleucine

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Sulfur AA

methionine

cysteine

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Acidic AA

glutamate

aspartate

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Basic AA

lysine
arginine
histidine

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What bond stabilizes beta pleated sheets?

hydrogen bonds
salt bonds
hydrophobic interactions
van der waal interactions

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What is the formula for fructose (also glucose)

C6H12O6

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Disaccharides: maltose

glucose + glucose

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Disaccharides: sucrose

glucose + fructose

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Disaccharides: lactose

glucose + galactose

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Fat soluble vitamins

- A: vision - D: sunlight - E: antioxidant - K: blood clotting

List water soluble vitamins

B & C

Macromolecules (6)

- Ca2+ - Phosphorus - Mg2+ - Zn2+ - Fe3+ - I-

Calcium (Ca2+) functions

- contraction - calcium - cycling - energy expenditure - bones - egg shells

Phosphorus

- bone - phospholipids - activate/inactivate enzymes - ATP - Plasma membrane gradient

Magnesium (Mg2+)

co factor for ATP rxns

Zinc (Zn2+)

regulates gene expression

Iron (Fe3+)

- O2 transport/storage

Iodine (I-)

- salt - goiter - thyroid hormone

What are essential amino acids?

- required in diet | - not made in sufficient amounts to meet requirements

Essential AA: three groups

- PVT - TIM - HALL

Essential AA: PVT

- Phenylalanine - Valine - Threonine

Essential AA: TIM

- Tryptophan - Isoleucine - Methionine

Essential AA: HALL

- Histidine - Arganine - Leucine - Lysine

Starch has what kind of linkages and branches at every ___ glucose molecules?

- alpha 1 --> 4 linkages | - branches at every 24-30 glucose molecules

Glycogen has what kind of linkages and branches at every ___ glucose molecules?

- alpha 1 --> 6 linkages | - branches at every 12-14 glucose molecules

Cellulose has what kind of linkages??

Beta 1--->4 linkages

Main storage form of lipids in animals?

energy storage as carbohydrates

Main storage form of carbohydrates in animals?

stored in liver and skeletal muscle

What is bond hydrolysis?

of water; is the separation of water molecules into H and O

What is released when a peptide bond is formed

H2O

Primary structure

AA sequence

Secondary structure

- Geometric relationship between any 2 AA in a protein - Can't be changed w/out breaking a bond - beta-pleated sheets and alpha helices

What is secondary structure stabilized by?

- H+ bonds - salt bonds - van der waal interactions - hydrophobic interactions

Tertiary Structure

- Spatial relationships between AA or secondary structures within a protein - can be altered by phosphorylation, interaction with a protein, ligand binding, acetylation - determined by crystallography

Quaternary structure

- Not every protein has | - Relationship between individual AA chains that form one functional protein

Beta 1 --> 4 linkages for what molecule?

Cellulose

Alpha 1 ---> 4 linkages for what molecule?

starch

Alpha 1 ---> 6 linkages for what molecule?

Glycogen

What makes minerals different from vitamins?

Minerals are inorganic

nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

means one pees a lot - extremely thirsty - hyponatemic: low blood sodium - anti-diuretic hormone isnt signaling properly (AVP) and dont reabsorb water in loop of henle

Role of H bonds in hydrophobicity

uhhhh decrease interactions with water

function of lipids

- thermal/electrical insulation - membranes - energy storage (as carbohydrates)

function of carbohydrates

energy

function of proteins

- depend on amino acid sequence - contractile - storage: - Regulatory or DNA binding: enzymes - structural - transport

What forces drive alpha helices formation

secondary structure that consists of peptide bonds and stabilized by hydrogen bonds

Why cant most animals break down cellulose?

lack digestive machinery to break bonds between monosaccharides of cellulose

Exam 1 Flashcards

(61 cards)