Exam 1 Flashcards
(31 cards)
Empiricism
John Locke
Not soul from the body, all from sensory experience
Tabula Rasa
Rene Descartes
Dualism
Structuralism
Wundt and Titchener
Elements of thought, introspection
“Triangle”
Functionalism
William James
How mental & behavior function
How does nose/brain do these stuff
(Adaptive, Darwin)
Behaviorism
John Watson and B.F. Skinner
DIS retrospection
1. Objective science
2. Only behavior, not mental reference
Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalysis Freudian psychology (unconscious mind and childhood psychology)
Three basic types of research design
Descriptive
Correlational
Experimental
Cognitive Revolution
Cognitive Science (study of mind) Neuroscience (study of brain)
Descriptive
Case Studies
Naturalistic
Survey
Schacter
Electric shock and anxiety (wait with others)
Habituation
a form of learning: stop responding to stimulus after repetition
Three kinds of learning
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Social-cognitive learning
Pavlov
unconditioned stimulus: food unconditioned response: salivation neutral stimulus: tone - conditioned stimulus: tone conditioned response: salivation
The timing of stimuli in classical conditioning
forward pairing, simultaneous pairing, backward pairing
Extinction
Shark fin graph *1.5
Generalization
A response conditioned to a particular CS tends to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the CS.
Discrimination
If similar stimuli are paired with different UCS, the organism will learn the different associations.
Limits of classical conditioning
Species are predisposed to learn some kinds of associations and not others.
No light or sound, but just sweetened water
Garcia and Koelling rat study
Biological preparedness
Not all associations are created equal.
Association learned faster when UCS spider instead of flowers
Little Albert
Rabbits and rats
Fear Modules
Innate fears of certain things that were dangerous in our species’ past (snakes, heights, etc.).
Automatic! Controlled by neurocircuits
Law of effect
Thorndike: actions lead to consequences
consequences shape behavior
Operant conditioning
Skinner
Behaviors followed by pleasant consequencesare more likely to be repeated.
Primary reinforcer
bring about pleasant state of affairs by fulfilling some biological need. We need food, water, & air – so behavior that bring us these things are generally reinforced – we do them again.