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Alex > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

In glucose and other hexoses, the hydroxyl group on carbon 1 can be either above or below the plane of monosaccharide ring. Does this have a significant consequence in the structure of carbohydrates possessing one kind of glucose or the other?

A

yes

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2
Q

Draw a neutral amine group

A

draw

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3
Q

Draw the general structure for an aldehyde

A

draw

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4
Q

Which chemical bond is the weakest?

A

Ionic or Hydrogen

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5
Q

Functional groups in amino acid side chains play what role in tertiary structure?

A

3D structure

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6
Q

What organic base does Uracil pair with in the nucleic acids?

A

Adenine

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7
Q

Draw the portion of the functional group that is common to aldehydes , ketones, carboxilic acids

A

draw

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8
Q

Name the components of phospholipids

A

They are amphipathic, has gylcerol, 2 fatty acids, phosphate head.

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9
Q

Which chemical bond is the strongest?

A

Covalent bond

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10
Q

Electrons found closer to the nucleus of an atom have which, a higher or lower energy, than electrons found farther from that nucleus?

A

lower energy level

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11
Q

Draw the ionized structure of a carboxyl group

A

draw

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12
Q

What two functional groups are attached the alpha carbon of all amino acids?

A

amine and carboxyl

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13
Q

What organic base must cytosine pair with in the nucleic acid?

A

Guanine

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14
Q

What atom is missing from ribose to give to deoxyribose?

A

oxygen atom

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15
Q

Name four classes of marcomolecules

A

Lipids carbohydrates nucleic acid protein

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16
Q

Which chemical bond results from partially positive and partially negative parts of a molecule interacting with partially negative or positive, respectively, parts of another molecule?

A

Hydrogen bond

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17
Q

What organic base must guanine pair with in the nucleic acid?

A

Cytosine

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18
Q

Given the sequence TTACGTATCGGCC, what nuclei acid does this represent?

A

DNA

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19
Q

Which nucleic acid is normally double standard?

A

DNA

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20
Q

What is the smallest unit of an element that retains the chemical properties of that element?

A

Atom

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21
Q

What is the basic mechanistic doctrine that makes biology the most inter-disciplinary scientific discipline?

A

Mechanistic Doctrine. Cells cam be studied by chemical and physical methods.

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22
Q

When we write nucleotide sequence from left to right, what end of the molecule is on the left?

A

5’ (5 prime)

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23
Q

What does an atom lose to become positively charged, and what does it gain to become negatively charged?

A

Electrons.

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24
Q

When water molecules surround a negatively charged ion (CI-), what portion of the molecules is oriented toward the ion?

A

hydrogen

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25
Q

When ribose is a nucleotide sequence, how are ribose carbon atoms 1-5 renumbered?

A

C1 starts at aldehyde and then goes toward c5

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26
Q

phospholipids and amphipathic. which part of the molecule is hydrophllic and which his hydrophobic?

A

The outer layer of the cell is hydrophillic and the inner layer is hydrophobic.

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27
Q

What are the three statements of cell theory?

A

All living things are made up of cells. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function. New Cells are produced from exsisting cells.

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28
Q

What is the predicted valence of an atom with 4 electrons in its outermost energy shell?

A

4

29
Q

How many protein chains would you expect to find in a quaternary structure?

A

2 or more protein chains

30
Q

which chemical bond involves sharing pairs of the electrons between atoms?

A

Covalent bonds

31
Q

If the valence of a nitrogen atom is 3, how many covalent bonds can nitrogen typically form?

A

3 covalent bonds

32
Q

Given two DNA strands, all the enzymes and deoxyribonucleotides necessary of DNA synthesis, what is lacking to initiate DNA synthesis?

A

RNA primase

33
Q

What is the difference in energy between ionic bond and hydrogen bond?

A

No difference

34
Q

Given an atom with 16 electrons, how many protons would be found in the nucleus?

A

16 protons

35
Q

Two starch molecules are side-by-side. Do any bonds hold them together?

A

Alpha 1-4 linkages

36
Q

Two cellulose molecules are side-by-side in a cellulose microfibrill. What kind of bond holds them together?

A

beta 1-4 linkages

37
Q

If the latest Mars rover, curiosity, found a mummified organism and demonstrated it was composed of cells, would that increase generality cell theory?

A

No

38
Q

What kind of bond between backbone atoms are responsible for a alpha helical and beta strand secondary structure?

A

hydrogen bond

39
Q

Write the complementary DNA sequence for that shown in question 57

A

AATGCATATAGCCGG

40
Q

Comparison of the properties of H2S and H2Te predict H20 will be liquid over an 11 degree range. What property of H20 molecules is invoked to rationalize the 100 degree range for liquid water?

A

Its about the h-bond. It has a strong intermolecular

41
Q

In the atom above, how many neutrons would you predict could be found in that nucleus?

A

Number of neutons vary on the atomic mass. (Mass-Atomic number= # of neutrons)

42
Q

What two organic molecules distinguish DNA from RNA?

A

Pentose sugar deoxyribose and Thymine

43
Q

Given the sequence: APILQCMGCCFSRAYPTPLRSKKTMLVQ, identify the amino terminus, and carboxyl terminus

A

?

44
Q

Draw a charged amine group

A

draw

45
Q

Which glycosidic bond can enzymes in our body digest

A

Alpha 1A Glucose

46
Q

What four elements account for 96% of living matter?

A

Oxygen Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen

47
Q

What organic base does Adenine pair with in the nucleic acid?

A

Thymine

48
Q

What are the four classic levels of protein structure?

A

Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary

49
Q

Draw a general for a ketone

A

draw

50
Q

Where does a protein a domain fit into the classic hierarchical structure levels for proteins?

A

Secondary bond

51
Q

What groups are found in all amino acids?

A

Carboxyl and amino groups

52
Q

Which chemical bond results from the opposite charges of positive and negatively charged ions attracting each other?

A

Ionic bond

53
Q

An atom is composed of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. which part of the atom contains almost all the mass?

A

Nucleus

54
Q

In Cricks Central Dogma information can flow back and forth between two macromolecules but only one way between the second and third. Name the information flow that is uni-directional.

A

DNA RNA -> Protein

55
Q

Mendel proposed pairs of inherited factors that we now call genes. What is the current definition of a gene?

A

units of inheritance that is transmitted from parents to offspring.

56
Q

What term is to described the outermost electrons of of an atom?

A

Valence Shell

57
Q

Draw a general structure for a carboxyl group

A

draw

58
Q

What organic base must thymine pair with in the nucleic acids?

A

Adenine

59
Q

Given the sequence UUCAGUUACGUCCAG, what nuclei acid does this represent?

A

RNA

60
Q

What 3 functions of RNA mediate the “coordinate cellular activity” function of DNA?

A

Transfer info from DNA to protein synthesis machinary. Directs function for polypeptide. Prime DNA

61
Q

Name the five biological themes that will be encountered in this course.

A

1.Mechanistic doctrine 2.Cell theory 3. Gene theory of inheritance. 4. central dogma of biology 5. cellular evolution

62
Q

There are three isotopes of the element carbon. 12C is the most common, 13C is a stable isotope, while 14C is an unstable. radioisotope. Which atomic mass is closest to the mass for carbon found on the periodic table?

A

12C

63
Q

What is the chemical definition of an element?

A

a substance that cannot be broken down to simpler substances by chemical means.

64
Q

In this course we will study cells, organelles, macromolecules, monomeric components of macromolecule, and atoms. Can studying organelles help us understand better how cells work or how macromolecules work?

A

YES

65
Q

Name the three chemical bonds you have to know for this course

A

Covalent Hydrogen Ionic

66
Q

How many protein chains would you expect to find in a tertiary structure?

A

a single protein chain

67
Q

What kind of bonds hold amino acids together to form a protein chain?

A

peptide bond

68
Q

How many copies of each gene does a sexually reproducing organism generally have?

A

2

69
Q

When we talk about the 5’ end of a nucleotide sequence, what organic molecule possesses a 5’ carbon atom?

A

c5 Phosphate

Alex (1 decks)

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