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Lifespan > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is lifespan

A

The field of study that examines patterns of growth, change, and stability in behavior that occur throughout the entire human lifespan

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2
Q

What is the cephalocaudal principle

A

Growth follows a pattern that begins with the head and upper body parts and then proceeds to the rest of the body

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3
Q

What is the proximidistal principle

A

Development process from the enter of the body outward

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4
Q

What is the principle of hierarchical integration

A

States that simple skills typically develop separately and independently but are later integrated into more complex skills

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5
Q

What is the principal of independence of systems

A

Suggests that different body systems grow at different rates

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6
Q

What are reflexes

A

Unlearned, organized, involuntary reponses rhat occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli, represent behavior that has survival value for the infant

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7
Q

What is postpartum depression

A

Period of depression following the birth of a child

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8
Q

Whag % does postpartum depression affect mothers

A

10%

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9
Q

What is the apgar scale

A

Standard measurement system that looks for a variety of indications of good health in newborns

Developed by Virginia apgar in 1953

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10
Q

What does apgar stand for

A 
A - appearance 
P - pulse
G - grimace
A - activity
R - respiration’s
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11
Q

What is the optical or acoustic blink reflex

A

Bright light shined suddenly at infants eyes or hand flap 30 cm from infants head

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12
Q

What is grasp reflex

A

Place finger into infants hand and press against palm surface

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13
Q

What is the babinski reflex

A

Stroke the sole of infants foot from toes towards heel

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14
Q

What is rooting reflex

A

Tickle skin at one corner of mouth

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15
Q

What is Moro reflex

A

Body supported horizontally by examiner, and the head is allowed to drop a few cm or a sudden loud noise sound or a band on the surface supporting the infant

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16
Q

What are Braxton Hicks contractions

A

Weak contractions of the uterus occurring during pregnancy

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17
Q

Neonate def

A

Another term used for newborns

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18
Q

Whag is oxytocin

A

A hormone released by the pituitary gland that causes increased contraction of the uterus during labor and stimulates the ejection of milk into the ducts of the breath

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19
Q

How many stages of labor are there

A

3

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20
Q

What is the first stage of labor

A

The longest stage of labor

Uterine contractions occur every 8-10min lasts about 30 seconds

For first baby, this stage can last about 16-24hrs

Subsequent children involve shorter periods of labor

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21
Q

What is the second stage of labor

A

The baby’s head moves through the birth canal

Typically lasts about 90 min

After each contraction the baby’s head emerges

An epistomy(incision) is sometimes made to increase the size of the opening of the vagina to allow the baby to pass

This stage ends when baby is born

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22
Q

Whag is the 3rd stage of labor

A

The shortest stage last about minutes

Occurs when the child’s umbilical ford and placenta are expelled

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23
Q

Most babies score around a 7 on the apgar scale

A

**

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24
Q

Average birthweight is 7lbs 6oz.

A
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25
By age 5 months, the average infant birthright has doubled too
15lbs
26
By age 1 , infants birthweight has tripled too
App. 22 lbs
27
By end of 2yr, average child weighs
4x it’s birthweight
28
By age 1, Average baby stands
30in. Tall
29
By end of 2nd yr, average child is
3 ft tall
30
On average newborns sleep ? Daily , tangible from ? Hrs a day
16-17 hrs daily , 10-20 hrs a day
31
Sleep stages are fitful and out of sync during early infancy
^
32
By end of 1st hr, most infants are
Sleeping through the night
33
What are genes
Genes are the basic unit of genetic information Composed of DNA sequences
34
What are chromosomes
Chromosomes are rod-shaped sections of DNA organizer into 23 pairs (46 chromosomes)
35
Humans have over 25,000 genes
^^
36
What are monozygotic twins
Genetically identical; form when cluster of cells in the ovum splits off within the first 2 weeks following fertilization
37
What are dizygotic twins
2 separate ova are fertilized by 2 separate sperm ; no more genetically similar than 2 siblings
38
What is a genotype
The underlying combo of genetic material present (but not visible) in an organism
39
What is a phenotype
An observable trust thsg is actually seen; physical appearance
40
The dominant trait is the trait that
Is expressed
41
The recessive trait is
Present in the organism but not expressed
42
What are the phases of the prenatal period ?
1) germinal stage 2) embryonic stage 3) fetal stage
43
What is the germinal stage
The 1st and shortest stage of prenatal development Takes place during the 1st 2 weeks following conception Characterized by methodical cell division & the attachment of the organism(blastocyst) to the wall of the uterus =implantation The baby is called a zygote at this stage
44
What is the embryonic stage
The period from 2-8 weeks following fertilization during which significant growth occurs in the Major organs & body systems Child is called an embryo The developing child is composed of 3 layers (different slide)
45
What are the 3 layers of the developing child?
Ectoderm Endoderm Mesoderm
46
What is the ectoderm
The outer layer forming the skin, hair, teeth, sense organs, the brain and spinal cord
47
What is the endoderm
The inner layer producing the digestive system, livers, pancreas, & respiratory system
48
What is the mesoderm
Sandwich between the inner and outer layers & forms the muscles, bones, blood and circulatory system
49
What is the fetal stage
Begins about 8 weeks after conception and continues till birth The developing child from 8wks-birth is called a fetus The fetus dramatically increases in size and weight Organs become more differentiated and operational By 3 months the fetus swallows and pees By 4 months the mother will be able to feel the fetus move Sleeping and waking patterns emerge
50
What are tetraogens
Environmental agents such as virus, chemical or other factors that produce a birth defect
51
Just 2 drinks a day has been associated with lower intelligence
^^
52
What is fetal alcohol syndrome
Disorder caused by the pregnant mother consuming substantial quantities of alcohol during pregnancy potentially resulting in mental retardation, delayed growth and facial deformities
53
What is a sequential studies
Researchers examine a # of different ages groups over several points in time Combine longitudinal & cross-sectional methods
54
What is a cross-sectional research
People of different ages are compared at the same point in time Differences may be due to cohort effects Selective dropout, where participants in some age groups are more likely to quit participating in the study than others Unable to explain changes individuals or groups
55
What is the longitudinal research ?
The behavior of one or more individuals is measured as the subjects age Requires a tremendous investment of time and money There is the possibility of participant attrition or loss Participants may become “test-wise”
56
What is a cohort
The group of people born at around the same time & same place
57
What is continuous development
Development is gradual with achievements at one level building on those previous levels
58
What is discontinuous development
Each stage or change brings about behavior that is assumed to be qualitivly different from behavior at earlier stages
59
The independent variable is
The variable that researchers manipulate in the experiment
60
The dependent variable is
The variable that researchers measure in an experiment and expect to change as a result of the experimental manipulation
61
What are the 4 levels of the bioecological approach
1) Microsystem(everyday immediate environment) - home, friends, teachers 2) Mesosystem(connects parts of the microsystem) - parents to children , friends to friends 3) Exosystem (represents broader influences) - local governments, the community, schools, place of worship, local media 4) Macrosystem (represents larger cultural influences) - society in general, federal government, religious and political value systems 5) Chronsystem (undermines all system) - the passage of time and historical events affect developments

Lifespan (5 decks)

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