Exam 1

Question 1

Holistic v comparative perspective

Answer 1

Holistic-look at whole picture

Comparative-compare aspects of culture

Question 2

Emic vs etic

Answer 2

Looking at society thru eyes of member

Outsider looking in and evaluating

Question 3

Cultural anthropology

Answer 3

Describes and analyzes cultures-looks at economic, political aspects and applies ideas
Applied: uses all sub fields to solve problems

Question 4

Physical

Answer 4

Paleoanthropology-looking at past humans
Evolution/genetics
Human engineering
Primatology
Forensic

Question 5

Archaeology

Answer 5

Historic, prehistoric, classical
Diet and subsistence
Social systems and cultural change
Material reference-behavior and inference

Question 6

Linguistics

Answer 6

Language and cultures
Interpretative approaches
Verbal and non-verbal

Question 7

Herodotus

Answer 7

Ancient Greek historian, “father of history”

Persian war

Question 8

Tacitus

Answer 8

Germania, compared Germany and Rome to show broken culture in Rome

Question 9

Renaissance

Answer 9

Rebirth, return to scientific thinking, age of discovery

Question 10

Enlightenment

Answer 10

Progress, reason-rational, social contract:give up power for protection
Natural law: life, liberty, property
Locke: natural law
Hobbes: life in state of nature brutal/unhappy/short

Question 11

19th c evolutionism

Answer 11

Edward Taylor and Louis h Morgan, society goes through evolution
Savagery, barbarism, civilization (hunter/gather, farming, complex gov)
Racist and supremacist overtones
Unilinear

Question 12

Herbert Spencer

Answer 12

Organic model- societies like organisms

Social Darwinism- “some inherently better than others” Christmas carol, imperialism

Question 13

Charles Darwin

Answer 13

Evolution by natural selection (survival of the fittest)

Origin of species 1859

Question 14

Karl Marx

Answer 14

Dialectical materialism- material conditions dictate life and society (buried in England ironic)
Conflict theory- conflict between components of society create change

Question 15

Boas

Answer 15

Father of American anthropology
Historical particularism- must study particular groups to understand how they developed
Taught Margaret mead, Ruth Benedict, and Alfred Kroger

Question 16

Functionalism

Answer 16

Reoccurring function of institutions, maintaining system, equilibrium, study in field to understand society

Question 17

Bronislow Malinowski

Answer 17

Studies in southwestern Pacific

Question 18

A.R. Radcliffe-brown

Answer 18

Island society east of Asia

Question 19

Neo-evolutionism

Answer 19

Leslie white, 40s-60s, revisiting evolutionism but trying to challenge racist ideology

Question 20

Cultural ecology

Answer 20

How environment and culture interact, j steward, culture as adaptive mechanism
Carrying capacity, environment, niche

Question 21

Post modern/interpretative

Answer 21

No particular answer/meaning, no one meaning is better than another, c Geerty can’t study humans like physical sciences

Question 22

Models

Answer 22

Should be able to give good explanation

Question 23

Perspective

Answer 23

Influences view of reality

Question 24

Paradigms

Answer 24

Promoted by j Kuhn, conceptual network that guides research in a discipline

Question 25

Cultural materialism

Answer 25

Marvin Harris argues universal patterns in societies, more science based Infrastructure- mode of production and reproduction Structure- used to create infrastructure Superstructure- ideology, religion, beliefs

Question 26

Inductive vs deductive

Answer 26

Make broad generalizations from specific data vs general statement that tries to get to supporting data

Question 27

Leslie white culture

Answer 27

Culture is symbol dependent, energy transforming, interrelated system of objects and events Enculturation-older gen indoctrinated younger Socialization- sane as enculturation (anthro) Ex school, sports, games Acculturation- two cultures meet and share practices/beliefs Diffusion- cultures change they spread of ideas

Question 28

Facet of culture: Real vs ideal

Answer 28

Imagined idea of culture vs reality (immigration)

Question 29

Facet of culture: overt vs covert

Answer 29

Easy to see vs hard to understand aspects of culture

Question 30

Facet of culture: ethnocentrism vs cultural relativism

Answer 30

Judging groups based on own ideas vs basis of theirs

Question 31

Culture shock

Answer 31

Experience that contradicts your thoughts

Question 32

Cultural survival

Answer 32

Behaviors/objects that remain after their original purpose changes (buttons on sleeves of jackets, daylight savings)

Question 33

Cultural universals

Answer 33

Honor deceased, rites of passage

Question 34

Culture as resource and restraint

Answer 34

Used to innovate/progress but limits progress thru sanctions and norms

Question 35

Filter

Answer 35

Culture is filter between individual and environment | Culture is buffer

Question 36

Ruth Benedict

Answer 36

Patterns of culture, how do traits link, what’s essentially true of societies

Question 37

Ethos

Answer 37

What is culture fundamentally about

Question 38

Apollonian vs Dionysian

Answer 38

Calm and peaceful vs wild and extroverted Zuni/Pueblo (everyone wins) vs Cheyenne/Lakota (sundance)

Question 39

Nacirema

Answer 39

Check ethnocentrism, your society is weird af from outside

Question 40

Yanamamo film

Answer 40

Amazon jungle, subsistence base slash and burn | Hierarchy of violence (fighting to prove worth, parties)

Question 41

Enculturation

Answer 41

Agents: family, peers, media, education

Question 42

Variations in culture

Answer 42

Sub cultures: identify as larger group but have diff practices Counterculture: actively diff and try to pull away

Question 43

Acculturation vs assimilation

Answer 43

Adapt to larger culture but retain smaller vs adapt and lose smaller

Question 44

Viru valley project

Answer 44

1946, first attempt to study settlement patterns in America Showed need to view sites holistically

Question 45

Proxemics

Answer 45

Cultural use of space

Question 46

Edward and mildred hall

Answer 46

Came up with proxemics, looking at layers/levels of space

Question 47

Territoriality

Answer 47

We have sense of defined space that’s ours

Question 48

Use of space in diff cultures

Answer 48

Very close, close, near, neutral, public space have diff definitions in diff cultures

Question 49

Cultural materialism def

Answer 49

Best way to explain similarities/diffs in society is to look at material restraints