Exam 1 Flashcards
(77 cards)
1
Q
H
A
Hydrogen
2
Q
C
A
Carbon
3
Q
N
A
Nitrogen
4
Q
O
A
Oxygen
5
Q
Na
A
Sodium
6
Q
P
A
Phosphorous
7
Q
S
A
Sulfur
8
Q
Cl
A
Chlorine
9
Q
K
A
Potassium
10
Q
Ca
A
Calcium
11
Q
Fe
A
Iron
12
Q
Homeostasis
A
existence and maintenance of conditions in the body measured by a set point
13
Q
Mechanisms of Homeostasis
A
Positive & Negative Feedback, Cascade
14
Q
Negative Feedback
A
a stimulus is removed and the set point is reached
15
Q
Positive Feedback
A
has feedback the response to the stimulus triggers more and more intense response- childbirth- needs outside force to stop it
16
Q
Cascade
A
no loop or feedback and magnifies at each step getting further and further from the set point
17
Q
Forms of energy
A
heat, light, stored, movement
18
Q
Laws of Energy
A
Cant be created or destroyed
Entropy-
Energy transfer (shift from one form to the other) is inefficient, you always lose energy to the other form
All systems deform unless energy is added
If one form is in thermal equ with the third it is in equ with the second
19
Q
Heat Energy
A
energy that flows between objects that are different temps- stove top
20
Q
Chemical/Stored Energy
A
potential energy stored in chemical bonds
21
Q
Movement/Mechanical energy
A
energy from movements in the body
22
Q
Light energy
A
how nature moves energy at an extremely rapid rate, photosynthesis, seen or unseen, sun, fire, electromagnetic
23
Q
dynamic equilibrium
A
reversibility reaction, reactions from reactants to products or reactants amounts of reactant relative to the amount of products
24
Q
element
A
simplest type of matter with unique chemical properties
25
cation
positive charged ions
26
anions
negative charged ions
27
atom
smallest particle of an element
28
polar
2 atoms bound by a covalent bond do not equally share electrons
29
nonpolar
2 atoms bound and share electrons equally
30
suspension
a mixture of materials that separate from each other , water and oil
31
colloid
a mixture that has solutes that disperse but not entirely or uniformly
32
hydrophilic
water loving
33
hydrophobic
doesn't like water
34
exergonic
energy releasing
35
posterior pituitary gland controlled
prompt from hypothalamus, fires electrical signal down axon in infidibulum, triggers release of oxytocin or ADH to release in the blood
36
anterior pituitary gland controlled
prompt to hypothalmus, releasing hormones travel through private portal system to anterior pituitary, neuro-hormones trigges endocrine homrones to release into the blood.
37
anterior pituitary hormones
ACTH-adrenocorticotropic hormone
FSH- follicle development
GH- growth hormone, increase protein production
LH- luteinizing hormome- induces ovulation, testost production
Prolactin- production of breast milk
TSH- stimulates thyroid hormone
38
posterior pituitary hormones
oxytoxin is responsible for smooth muscle contractions
| ADH- anti diuretic, concentrates urine
39
Zona Glomerulosa
Zona Fasciculata
Zona Reticularis
Aldosterone- electrolytes, water retention, salt increase
Cortisol- breakdown of lipids proteins to glucose fast
Androgens/Estrogens- androgens male puberty, women estrogens
40
Calcium controlled when too high
The thyroid releases calcitonin and prompts the bone to increase calcium absorption (inhibits osteoclasts), and the kidneys to get rid of excess.
41
Calcium controlled when too low
The parathyroid releases PTH and prompts the bones to release calcium (inhibits osteoblasts), the kidneys to retain calcium and the GI tract to increase absorption.
42
Calcium Calmodulin 2nd Messenger system
Precondition:
1. receptor unbound
2. calmodulin inactive
3. calcium channel closed
4. G protein inactive
1. Hormone arrives
2. binds with receptor
3. G protein gets phophorylated (activated)
4. G protein opens the calcium channel
5. Calcium comes in binds with calmodulin
6. Calcium + Calmodulin move around to cause muscle contractions.
7. Phosphate is removed from G protein, Channel closed
43
Anterior Pituitary # of hormones
Releasing hormone
Hormone 1 from Ant Pituitary to
Endocrine gland releases
Hormone 2 to target
44
Water - temperature heat stabilizer
Hydrogen bonds between water molecule store potential energy by vibrating more rapidly
stabilizes body temp
absorbs large amounts of heat at stable temp, resists big temp flucuations
blood (mostly water) can transfer heat to from deep in body to surface where heat it released
45
Rules for Atoms
```
Have to fill outermost shell
like to be electrically neutral as possible
two options: ionism and covalentism
Ionism; donating or receiving electrons
Covalentism; share electrons in pairs
```
46
Rules for Atoms
1.Have to fill outermost shell
2. like to be electrically neutral as possible
two options: ionism and covalentism
Ionism; donating or receiving electrons
Covalentism; share electrons in pairs
47
Non polar covalent
shared electrons equally 50/50
48
Non polar covalent
shared electrons equally 50/50
49
Water
| bonds?
oxygen forms a polar covalent bond with Hydrogen atoms (shares electrons unequally)
partial positive charge to hydrogen atoms
partial negative charge to oxygen side
forms a lattice
50
Water
| functions?
Body temp stabilizer- blood composed of mostly water is able to carry heat from deep in the body. Water absorbs heat
Protection- around organs- tears lubrication
Chemical reactions-dissolve in water
Mixing medium- water is a major solvent used
51
Ionism bond
TRANSFERS electrons
52
Covalent bond
shares electrons>> polar or non polar
53
compound
combo of 2 or more different atoms
54
organic compound
combo of atoms including Carbon
55
inorganic compound
combo of atoms that do not contain Carbon
56
molecule
two or more atoms chemically combined to form a structure that is independent (water molecule)
57
nucleus
protons and neutrons in nucleus , control center with genetic info
58
proton
electron
neutron
subatomic particle positively charged
" " negative charge
" " no charge
59
ion
charged particle with electron TRANSFER (ionism)
more protons positively charged
more electrons neg charged
60
Atomic weight/mass #
upper left
Protons + neutrons
can figure out by subtracting mass # by atomic # to get number of neutrons
61
charge
unequal amount of protons and electrons the atom becomes charged
62
disassociate
compounds dissolve in water, ions dissolve and separate
63
electrolytes
cations, and anions that separate in water
| conduct electrical charge
64
hydrogen bond
positive hydrogen forms a hydrogen bond with negative oxygen
form shape of complex molecules
THIS SLIGHTLY POSITIVE END OF ONE MOLECULE (THE ‘H’ END) WILL BOND MILDLY TO THE OTHER (NEGATIVE) END OF A DIFFERENT MOLECULE – THIS KIND OF BOND USUALLY INVOLVES HYDROGEN
65
electron shell
outermost shell of atom
66
electron dots
valence electrons
67
what happens to molecules in a solution of pure water
pure water is not charged
68
pH is the measure of potential hydrogen
hydrogen proton concentration
14 acid
7 neutral
below 7 alkaline
69
Pure water
H+ and OH-
70
Acidic
pH less than 7, higher amount of H+
71
Neutral
pH 7 equal concentrations fo H+ and OH-
72
Alkaline
pH higher than 7, fewer H+ than OH-
73
Acid
a proton donor, H+ is an acid,
| HCl > H+ + Cl- is considered an acid
74
base
proton acceptor, any substance that accepts a H+ is a base
| The OH- are proton acceptors that combine with H+ to form water OH- + H+ = H2O
75
blood pH
7.35 too acidic, acidosis ( nervous system depressed comatose), too alkaline alkalosis ( excitable nervous system convulsions)
76
buffers
```
resist changes in pH levels
bicarbonate
phosphate
amino acids
proteins
```
77
carbohydrates
C, H, O attaches to proteins and lipids,
