Exam 1

Question 1

Auguste Comte

Answer 1

Social Physics

• 3 epistemological stages of human history
  - Theological Stage
  - Metaphysical Stage
  - Scientific Stage

Question 2

Harriet Martineau

Answer 2

• Translated Comte’s work into English
• Example of earliest feminist social scientist
• Authored first sociology book

Question 3

Karl Marx

Answer 3

• Historical materialism and economy

- Capitalism; conflict between capitalists and workers

Question 4

Max Weber

Answer 4

• Importance of ideas, culture, and religion
• Verstehen and interpretive sociology
• Famous study; The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism

Question 5

Emile Durkheim

Answer 5

How does society hold together?
Famous study: Suicide
Anomie; normlessness
Positivist Sociology: social world can be described and predicted by certain describable relationships

Question 6

Georg Simmel

Answer 6

Georg Simmel
Formal Sociology; sociology of pure numbers
Fundamental difference between a group of two vs. a group of three or more

Question 7

web Dubois

Answer 7

Pioneering black sociologist
Double consciousness: two behavioral scripts maintained by African Americans for moving through the world and incorporating the external opinions of prejudice onlookers

Question 8

Jane ADDAMS

Answer 8

ful house

Question 9

functionalism

Answer 9

Functionalism
Various social institutions and processes in society exist to serve important or necessary function to keep society running
Manifest and Latent Function
Organicism: society is like a living organism
Durkeheim
Critique: Reinforces status quo

Question 10

conflict theory

Answer 10

Conflict Theory
Conflict between competing interests is the basic animated force of social change and society in general
Competition not consensus
Inequality exists as result of political struggles among different groups
Inequality is unfair

Question 11

Symbolic Interactionism

Answer 11

Symbolic Interactionism
Micro-level theory in which shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions form the basic motivation behind people’s actions
Erving Goffman
Dramaturgical Theory- look at life like a play

Question 12

Feminist Theory

Answer 12

Feminist Theory
Emphasis on women’s experiences and belief that sociology and society in general subordinate women
Focus inequalities based on gender categories
How power relationships are defined, shaped, and reproduced on the basis on gender differences

Question 13

Factors Needed to establish causation:

Answer 13

Factors Needed to establish causation:
Correlation
Time Order
Rule out alternative explanations

Question 14

Hegemony- Antonio Gramsci

Answer 14

Condition by which a dominant group uses its power to elicit the voluntary “consent” of the masses
Contrasts with domination

Question 15

is Sample size dependent on population size?

Answer 15

No

Question 16

Charles Horton Cooley

Answer 16

Looking Glass Self: Self emerges from our ability to assume the point of view of others and thereby imagine how they see us

Question 17

George Herbert Mead

Answer 17

I- One’s sense of agency, action, or power
Me- Self as one imagines perceive one
Other- someone or something outside of oneself
3 Stages:
Imitation stage
Play Stage
Game stage
Generalized other: internalized sense of the total expectations of others in a variety of settings

Question 18

Dramaturgical Theory

Answer 18

Dramaturgical Theory
Erving Goffman
Views social life as a theatrical performance
Props, scripts, performance
Impression management
Face: the esteem in which the individual is held by others
Front stage vs. backstage

Question 19

Ethnomethodology

Answer 19

Ethnomethodology
Approach to studying human interaction
Focuses on how we make sense of the world, convey this understanding to others, and produce a mutually shared social order

Question 20

Status vs. Role

Answer 20

Status vs. Role
Status: recognizable social position
Role: duties and behaviors expected based on status

Question 21

Role strain and Role conflict:

Answer 21

Role Strain: the incompatibility among roles corresponding to a single status
Role Conflict: the tension caused by competing demands between two or more roles pertaining to different statuses

Question 22

dyads

Answer 22

- Dyad:
Group of 2 
Most intimate form of social life
Members are mutually dependent
Symmetry must be maintained 
Voluntary

Question 23

tryad

Answer 23

Groups of 3 or more
Supra-individual (exists outside the individual)
Secrets can exist
Power politics

Question 24

Small Group

Answer 24

Larger than triad
4 characteristics
-Face to face interaction 
-Unifocal (one center of attention at any given time)
-Lack of formal arrangements or roles
-Equality

Question 25

Party

Answer 25

Similar to small group, but it’s multifocal

Question 26

large group

Answer 26

Formal structure that mediates interaction | Status differentiation

Question 27

Primary Group

Answer 27

``` Intimate face to face relationships Limited number of members Group is an end unto itself Group members are non interchangeable Relationships are enduring Key agents of socialization ```

Question 28

secondary group

Answer 28

Group is impersonal Instrumental; means to an end Affiliation is contingent Roles more important than the individuals who fill them

Question 29

strength of Weak ties Mark Granovetter Relatively weak ties often turn out to be valuable because they yield new information

Answer 29

strength of Weak ties Mark Granovetter Relatively weak ties often turn out to be valuable because they yield new information

Question 30

Organizational Structure and Culture

Answer 30

Organizational Structure: The ways in which power and authority are distributed within an organization Organizational Culture: the shared beliefs and behaviors within a social group How an organization is structured often affects the organizational culture

Question 31

3 types of networks

Answer 31

Tight-knitters: Densely woven friendship groups where nearly all of an individual’s friends are friends with each other Sense of belonging and tremendous social support Many were students of color Help or pull down academically Compartmentalizers: friends form in 2-4 clusters; friends know each other within clusters but rarely cross them Had socially oriented clusters and academic Most were white and middle class Sense of belonging but can be demanding Samplers: a friend or 2 from a variety of places but friends remain unconnected to each other Generally academically successful but isolated Friends were not generally describes as socially supportive Follow up showed most had same structure except sampler; they became tight knitters People in network might change but structure won’t

Question 32

Bonding vs bridging social capital

Answer 32

Bonding social capital: high levels of in group trust and more intense or strong social ties who are similar Bridging social capital: high levels of generalized trust and less intense or weak social ties that connect people who are different from each other