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exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 6 levels of structural organization

A

1) Chemical level
2) Cellular level
3) Tissue level
4) Organ level
5) System level
6) Organismal level

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2
Q

11 systems of the human body

1) Integumentary system

A

skin and related structures

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3
Q

11 systems of the human body

2) Skeletal system

A

bones, joins, and cartilage

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4
Q

11 systems of the human body

3) muscular system

A

muscle tissue

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5
Q

11 systems of the human body

4) Nervous system

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves

special sense organs such as eyes and ears

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6
Q

11 systems of the human body

5) Endocrine system

A

hormone producing glands

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7
Q

11 systems of the human body

6) cardiovascular system

A

heart, blood, blood vessels

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8
Q

11 systems of the human body

7) Lymphatic system and Immunity

A

cells that carry out immune response

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9
Q

11 systems of the human body

8) Respetory system

A

lungs and supporting systems

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10
Q

11 systems of the human body

9) Digestive system

A

stomach, intestines, glands, liver

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11
Q

11 systems of the human body

10) Urinary system

A

kidneys, bladder, urethra

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12
Q

11 systems of the human body

11) Reproductive system

A

male and female reproductive organs

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13
Q

Homeostasis

A

condition of equilibrium in the body. is maintained by the body’s regulatory process

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14
Q

Homeostasis regulatory surrounding fluid

A

extracellular fluid

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15
Q

homeostasis negative feedback loop

A

stimulus–controlled condition–receptors–control center–effectors–response (alters the controlled condition)–return to homeostasis ((blood pressure))

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16
Q

homeostasis positive feedback loop

A

stimulus–controlled condition–receptors–control center–effectors–response (causing an increase in the stimulus and repeating the process) ((birth))

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17
Q

parietal/visceral pleura

A

parietal lining of lung cavity

visceral lining covering the lungs

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18
Q

parietal/visceral pericardium

A

parietal lining the heart cavity

visceral lining the heart organ

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19
Q

peritoneum

A

membrane that covers many of the abdominal organs

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20
Q

“left” upper abdominal area

A

right hypochondriac region

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21
Q

“left” side area

A

right lumbar region

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22
Q

“left” lower hip area

A

right inguinal region

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23
Q

upper center

A

epigastric region

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24
Q

belly button area

A

umbilical region

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25
lower midabdominal area
hypogastric region
26
"right" upper abdominal area
left hypochondriac region
27
"right" side area
left lumbar region
28
"right" lower hip area
left inguinal region
29
Quadrants
right (left) upper quadrant right (left) lower quadrant left (right) upper quadrant left (right) lower quadrant
30
matter consists of 3 forms
solid liquid gas
31
how many chemical elements
118 total elements 92 natural 26 additional sythetic
32
elements that make up the majority of our bodies
O= oxygen C=carbon H=Hydrogen N=Nitrogen
33
atoms fundamentally made up of 3?
protons neutrons electrons
34
atomic number
number of proton in the nucleus of an atom
35
mass number
the number of proton and neutrons in an atom (isotopes)
36
atomic mass/weight of an element
average mass of all its naturally occurring isotopes
37
ion
an atom that has lost or gained an electron
38
molecule
2 or more atoms sharing electrons
39
covelent bond
atoms share electrons (molecule)
40
compound
substance that can be broken down into 2 or more different elements
41
cations
positively charged ions
42
anions
negatively charged ions
43
ionic bonds
donated electrons
44
covalent bonds
shared electrons single, double, triple bonds
45
hydrogen bonds
result from attraction of oppositely charged parts of molecules
46
reactants
starting substances
47
products
ending substances
48
metabolism
combining or breaking apart substances
49
anabolism
combining or adding
50
catabolism
breaking or subtracing
51
law of conservation of energy
energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can be converted from one form to another
52
exergonic reactions
reactions release more energy than they absorb
53
endergonic reactions
reactions absorb more energy than they release
54
activation energy
added energy to break bonds
55
catalysts
does not change but helps reaction with less energy
56
synthesis
make something
57
decomposition
breaking bonds
58
exchange
exchange one bond for another
59
reversible
reaction that runs in both directions
60
oxidation-reduction reactions
transfer electrons between atoms and molecules in parallel
61
oxidation
loss of electrons and energy release
62
reduction
gain of electrons and energy gain
63
LEO the lion says GER
lose electrons oxidation | gain electrons reduction
64
inorganic compounds
usually lack carbon, simple molecules (water)
65
organic compounds
always have covalent bonds and always Hydrogen and Oxygen
66
hydrolysis reaction
water added to break bonds
67
dehydration synthesis reaction
water is removed to MAKE bonds
68
mixtures
a combination of elements or compounds that are physically blended together but not bonded together
69
3 types of mixtures
solution colloid suspension
70
ph scale
increasingly acidic 0-6, hydrogen gets less negative hydroxal gets more negative 7 is neutral -7 for both increasingly alkaline 8-14, hydrogen gets more negative hydroxal gets less negative
71
buffer system
help regulate ph by converting strong acids or bases into weak acids or bases
72
organic compound categories
carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and ATP
73
fatty acids
saturated or unsaturated saturated only has single bonds monounsaturdated had 1 double carbon bond and bends it
74
triglycerides
3 fatty acids stuck together. how the body stores fat | 2 saturated 1 unsaturated
75
phospholipids
important component of cell membrane with polar head, non polar tails. tails are 1 saturated and 1 unsaturated
76
Proteins
gives structure to body, regulates processes, provide protection, assist in muscle contraction, transport substances and serves as enzymes
77
proteins formed
combining various amino acids
78
enzymes
catalyst in a living cell highly specific extremely efficient subject to cellular controls
79
DNA (nucleic acid)
forms genetic code in nuclei and regulates most of the cells activities self replicating
80
RNA (nucleic acid)
guides protein formation | Made using DNA as blueprint
81
nucleotide (GC-AT)
guanine and Cytosine always bond adenine and tymine always bond tymine only found in DNA
82
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
principal energy-storing molecule in the body
83
carbon
organic compounds always contain carbon can combine in a variety of shapes does not dissolve easily in water good source of energy
84
ion channel
Forms a pore through which a specific ion can flow to get across membrane.
85
carrier
transports specific substance across membrane by undergoing a change in shape
86
receptor (integral)
recognizes specific ligand and alters the cells function in some way
87
enzyme
catalyzes reaction inside or outside the cell depending on which direction the active site faces
88
transcription
sequence of DNA nucleotides to produce or copy a sequence RNA nucleotides
89
messenger RNA (mRNA
contains info to synthesize proteins
90
transfer RNA (tRNA)
used to transfer amino acids during the next stop of protein-translation
91
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
makes up part of a ribosome
92
translation
ribosome moves along the the mRNA adding amino acid after amino acid resulting in a growing polypeptide
93
Loose connective tissue | areolar connective tissue
different fibers and cells in most body structures "packing material"
94
Loose connective tissue | adipose tissue
fat cells specialized to store triglycerides, insulation, cushioning
95
Loose connective tissue | reticular connective tissue
reticular fibers and cells/supporting framework of orgnas
96
dense connective tissue | dense regular connective tissue
mostly collagen fibers are regularly arranged with fibroblasts. forms tendons
97
dense connective tissue | dense irregular connective tissue
collagen fibers are irregularly arranged, few fibroblasts, arranged in sheets. (membranes around organs, joint capsules
98
dense connective tissue | elastic connective tissue
mostly elastic fibers allows stretching. lungs elastic arteries, trachea
99
Specialized connective tissue | bone
most ridged connective tissue compact or spongy
100
Specialized connective tissue | cartiledge
provides structure and support hyaline-movable joints fibrocartilege-intravertebral discs elastic- external ears
101
Specialized connective tissue | blood
fluid form of connective tissue transports cells and nutrients to other tissues and organs

a&p 1 (2 decks)

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