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Hydrology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

What powers the movement of water in the hydrologic system

A

the sun

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2
Q

what does the water cycle describe

A

-the fluxes of water between the various reservoirs of the hydrosphere

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3
Q

What is a watershed

A
  • the natural boundary of the drainage basin

- the total area above a given point on a watercourse that contributes water to its flow

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4
Q

Two types of overland flow

A
  • Horton/Infiltration excess overland flow (precip rate > absorption rate)
  • Dunne/Saturation Excess overland flow (soil is already saturated and water isn’t absorbed) - pore space is filled here
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5
Q

Gaining streams

A
  • as we move downstream, water is being gained

- effulent stream

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6
Q

Losing stream

A
  • stream looses water, water table is below

- Influent stream

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7
Q

Endorheic stream

A

-stream that has no outlets and dries out before it reaches the ocean

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8
Q

Confining layer

A

-sediment layer with Ksat much lower than its surroundings

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9
Q

Top 5 states in wetland losses

A
  • California
  • Ohio
  • Iowa
  • Indiana
  • Missouri
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10
Q

Arsenic

A
  • takes 5-15 years to show signs of exposure

- a toxin and a carcinogen

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11
Q

long-term health effects of exposure to arsenic

A
  • skin lesions
  • skin cancer
  • neurological effects
  • bladder/kidney/lung cancer
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12
Q

Area of streambed where groundwater and surface water mix

A

-hyporheic zone

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13
Q

Some strategies for better water management

A
  • more surface water use in wet years and ground water use in dry years
  • reuse and recycle water on a regular basis
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14
Q

3 indicators used for wetland delineation

A
  • vegetation
  • soil
  • hydrological properties
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15
Q

Why does the east coast have more wetlands

A
  • east coast has more clay soils which are poorly drained

- also topography

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16
Q

Possible causes of arsenic contamination in Bangladesh GW

A
  • oxidation of arsenical pyrite

- release of arsenic from the degradation of fertilizers and pesticides

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17
Q

MCL

A

-maximum contaminant level

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18
Q

Why is the arial sea sinking

A

-decades-old water diversion for irrigation and droughts

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19
Q

Why can’t Bangladesh use SW instead of GW

A

-SW became contaminated from inadequate sewage systems and industrial wastes

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20
Q

Urbanization results in:

A
  • a flashier hydrology

- lag time describes flashes

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21
Q

How is UV light used in hydrology

A

-it kills bacteria in drinking water

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22
Q

Stefan-Boltzmann law

Study These Flashcards
A

-used to describe relation between temperature and energy flux

23
Q

Weins law

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A
  • describes the wavelength at which radiation of a surface will be greatest
  • uses degrees Kelvin
24
Q

Most important greenhouse gases

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Carbon dioxide (33%)
  • Water vapor (65% of absorption)
  • methane
  • nitrous oxide
  • ozone
  • chlorinated flurorcarbons
25
Avg temp of Earths surface with and without GHG
17 celsius with | (-18) without
26
Greenhouse effect
-some of the energy emitted by the EArth is recycled and re-emitted to the earth
27
Formation of precipitation
1) cooling of air to approx the dew-poiint temp 2) Condensation of nuclei to form cloud droplets or ice crystals 3) growth of droplets or crystal into raindrops/snow/hail 4) Importation of water vapor to sustain process
28
3 methods of uplift/precipitation
1) Convection 2) convergence 3) orography
29
Uplift due to convergence
- there is frontal convergence or cyclonic convergence | - characteristic of mid latitudes and occurs at boundaries between air masses of contrasting temp and or humidity
30
Uplift due to convection
-occurs as a result of adiabatic cooling associated with parcels of air that rise because they are less dense than the air surrounding them
31
Uplift due to orography
-occurs when air flowing horizontally encounters a physical barrier and acquires a vertical component to flow over it
32
Type of precipitation gauges
- straight-sided cylinder (volume) - weighing recording gauge (volume, intensity, duration) - tipping becket gauge - optical precip gauge
33
CFU
- colony farming unit per 100mL | - measures bacteria concentration
34
Load is calculated by
- mass per unit time | - load is an export rate
35
DOM DOC DON
- dissolved organic matter - dissolved organic carbon - dissolved organic nitrogen - DON and DOC give C to N ratio and tests quality of soil
36
DOC is always _____ with stream flow
- increasing | - organic carbon is mobilized during high peak flows
37
MPN
- most probable number | - measures bacterial concentration
38
infiltration
-movement of water from soil surface into soil
39
Redistribution
-subsequent movement of infiltrated water in the unsaturated zone
40
capillary rise
-upward movement in soil pores due to surface tension
41
-recharge
-movement of percolating water from the unsaturated zone to the subjacent saturated zone
42
interflow
-lateral flow + root uptake
43
percolation
-general term for downward glow in the unsaturated zone
44
A horizon
- often called topsoil - low in clay and soluble minerals, rich in humus from decaying plant and animal remains - zone of most biological activity
45
B horizon
- zone of accumulation, may develop a yellow/red color | - in arid zones a white zone of calcium carbonate may accumulate
46
C horizon
- weather parent material from which A and B horizons have developed - may be bedrock or unconsolidated material
47
Vadose zone
-are of soil that is unsaturated above the water table
48
Hygroscopic water
-water stuck in small pores, not accesable
49
Field capacity/detention
-amount of water left in soil after it has drained for 24 hours
50
LArger pore size means
-greater infiltration capacity but lower water holding
51
wilting point
-point at which a plant can no longer absorb moisture from the soil
52
K (hydraulic connectivity)
- rate at which water moves through the soil under a potential energy gradient - varies as a function of grain size and degree of saturation - as this increases, water will move faster
53
Darcy's law
-calculates the velocity that water moves through soil
54
hydrostatic condition
-no flow

Hydrology (2 decks)

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