Exam 1 (8/26-8/29) Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
What are the components of the Cell Theory?
A
- All living things are made of cells 2. Cells are the basic unit of life 3. All cells come from pre-existing cells
2
Q
What are the two types of cells?
A
Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes
3
Q
What are the two forms of Prokaryotic cells?
A
Bacteria & Archaea
4
Q
E. Coli, Baccillus and Cyanobacteria are examples of?
A
Bacteria
5
Q
Archaea is found in what type of environment?
A
Hot Springs
6
Q
Humans, Maize and Yeast are examples of?
A
Eukaryotes
7
Q
When did prokaryotes appear on Earth?
A
3.5 Billion years ago
8
Q
How big are prokaryotes?
A
1-10um in diameter
9
Q
Do prokaryotes have a plasma membrane and cell wall?
A
Yes
10
Q
Prokaryotes lack ______?
A
A Nucleus
11
Q
Since prokaryotes lack nucleus, do they contain DNA?
A
Yes.
12
Q
T/F: Prokaryotes contain membrane-bound organelles, such as mitochondria or golgi?
A
False.
13
Q
What are the three shapes of Prokaryotes?
A
- Spherical (Streptococcus) 2. Rod-Shaped (E. Coli) 3. Spiral (Treponema pallidum)
14
Q
Eukaryotes appeared on earth?
A
1.5 Billion years ago
15
Q
What size are eukaryotes in diameter?
A
10-100um
16
Q
Do Eukaryotes have DNA? If so, where does it get stored?
A
Yes, nucleus.
17
Q
T/F: Eukaryotes contain membrane-bound organelles.
A
True
18
Q
Eukaryotes, unlike prokaryotes, have a ______?
A
Nucleus
19
Q
Do both Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes have a cytoskeleton?
A
Yes.
20
Q
What is a virus?
A
Packet of Genetic Material
21
Q
Prokaryotes are usually ____cellular whereas Eukaryotes are usually ___cellular?
A
unicellular; multicellular
22
Q
What is the main difference between prokaryotes, eukaryotes and viruses?
A
Viruses live as parasites in host cells
23
Q
I replicate inside cells, then emerge with a protective coating to attack another cell, and typically kill the host cell in the process. I am also important in disease. What am I?
A
A Virus
24
Q
What genetic material do viruses have?
A
RNA
25
T/F: Plasma Membranes can be found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
True
26
What is the function of the plasma membrane?
Maintain intracellular conditions. Control what goes in and out of the cell (more specifically, proteins on the plasma membrane)
27
Ribosomes are the site of?
Protein Synthesis
28
Are ribosomes are found only in Eukaryotes?
No. They are in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
29
Consist of large and small subunits composed of rRNA and proteins. We are?
Ribosomes
30
What is the cytoskeleton? Function?
Protein fibers that give shape and structure to the cell. Helps with cell, organelle, and vesicle movement.
31
What is the cytoskeleton made of in eukaryotes?
microtubules, actin and intermediate filaments
32
Cytoskeleton can be compared to which part of a train?
The tracks
33
All cells contain hereditary information. What are the two forms of hereditary information?
DNA & RNA
34
DNA is found in almost all organisms except?
Viruses
35
What are the building blocks of DNA?
Nucleotides
36
DNA is ______ stranded.
Double
37
Nucleotides & Their Pairings in DNA
A-T C-G
38
Nucleotides are composed of...
of a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and at least one phosphate group.
39
What type of bonding is involved in DNA?
Hydrogen
40
Gene
stretch of nucleotides encoding RNA/Protein
41
Genome
All of an organism hereditary information
42
Transcription
DNA to RNA
43
Translation
mRNA to Protein
44
Proteins
macromolecule constituent of cells, linked by peptide bonds (aka workhorse of cell)
45
amino acids are monomers of?
Proteins
46
Eukaryotes have smaller/larger genomes than prokaryotes?
Larger
47
RNA
template for making protein
48
Proteins, amino acids, nucleotides, and polynucleotides are very \_\_\_\_\_\_\_?
interdependent
49
Mitochondria originated from?
aerobic bacteria that were engulfed by a eukaryotic cell (endosymbiosis)
50
What is the function of Mitochondria?
Make ATP (create energy for the cell)
51
Mitochondria & Chloroplasts have what type of membrane?
Double
52
What is so special about mitochondria & chloroplasts?
It has it's own genome and thus its own mitochondrial/chloroplastic DNA
53
Do you get your Mitochondria from your mother or father?
Mother
54
Function of Chloroplasts
Capture sunlight for energy via photosynthesis
55
Where are chloroplasts found?
Plants & Algae
56
Where did Chloroplasts originate from?
Photosynthetic Bacteria that were engulfed by eukaryotic cell (endosymbiosis)
57
Where does the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) begin?
Nuclear envelope that extends into the cytoplasm
58
Ribosomes are located on the _______ ER and aren't present on the ______ ER.
Rough; Smooth
59
Function: Smooth ER
Site of molecule biosynthesis, regulates contraction of calcium (muscle contraction), detoxification
60
Function: Rough ER
Protein Transport
61
T/F: Lumen of the ER is continuous with nuclear membrane.
True
62
What is the Golgi Apparatus? Function?
stack of membranous stacks; site of modification and sorting of proteins
63
How do proteins move through the golgi?
Via Vesicles
64
Proteins are sorted in the Golgi, most specifically what part of the golgi?
Trans (farthest from ER, closest to plasma membrane)
65
Lysosome
acidic, enzyme-filled compartments
66
Function of the lysosome
macromolecule digestion
67
Peroxisome
site of oxidation reduction, breakdown of fatty acids, involved in catalysis of plasmalogens
68
Plasmalogens
helps make myelin and neurons
69
List Model Organisms discussed in class.
1. E. Coli 2. Saccharomyces cerevisiae 3. Arabidopsis thaliana 4. C. Elegans 5. D. Melanogaster (fly) 6. Danio rerio (fish) 7. Mus Musculus (mouse)
70
E. Coli as a Model Organism
Generation time: ~20mins. What was learned from this: how DNA replicated, translation occurred Good in usage for: basic cellular processes Other: prokaryotic
71
S. Cerevisiae (Yeast) as a Model Organism
Generation time: ~1-2hrs What was learned from this: genes that regulate & cell cycle Good in usage for: cell regulation & transportation Other: eukaryotic, single-celled
72
Arabidopsis thaliana as a Model Organism
Generation time: What was learned from this: Good in usage for: plants Other: multicellular
73
C. Elegans (nematode) as a Model Organism
Generation time: 3-4days What was learned from this: lineage tracing of every cell in organism from fert. to death Good in usage for: cell death, neurobiology Other: less than 1000cells, clear in structure
74
D. Melanogaster as a Model Organism
Generation time: 10days What was learned from this: genes carried chromosomes Good in usage for: Other: great reproductive success, simplified genes (genes well conserved), giant chromosomes
75
Danio rerio (zebra fish) as a Model Organism
Generation time: What was learned from this: Good in usage for: Other: clear early on, lots of progeny
76
Why do we use cell lines?
can test hypotheses that aren't testable in humans, study protein localization, examine response of cells to stimuli and perform enzymatic assays, and test effects of drugs
77
HeLa cells are an example of?
Cell Lines
78
HeLa cells were dervived from?
epithelial cells from cervical cancer
79
The first successful "immortal" cell line?
HeLa Cells
80
HeLa cells played a role in the advancement of?
polio vaccine, study of cancer, cervical cancer is linked to HPV, human genome
81
What type of microscope allows you to see organelles?
Light Microscope
82
What are the two main types of bond?
Covalent & Non-Covalent
83
Non-Covalent Bonds include:
Ionic, Hydrogen, Van der Waals, & Hydrophobic Interactions
84
Covalent Bonds occur when...
electrons are shared between atoms
85
Covalent Bonds are ______ in strength and _____ in length.
strongest; shortest
86
Polar Covalent Bonds
Unequal charge distribution example: H20
87
More electronegative atoms attract electrons more. Rank C, S, N, O in electronegativity.
C
88
Non-Polar Covalent Bonds
equal charge distribution example: O2
89
Electrostatic Interactions (AKA Ionic Bonds) occur when... and have the ____ strongest bonding
there is an interaction between fully or partially charged groups on polar molecules and electrons are transferred; 2nd
90
Hydrogen Bonding
Occurs when there is the sharing of an electropositive hydrogen that is being pulled on by two electronegative atoms.
91
When is hydrogen bonding the strongest?
When the three atoms are linear
92
Van der Waals Interactions
Very weak, but occurs between all atoms. Electrons fluctuate causing a dipole in a molecule.
93
When does attraction occur in Van der Waals Interactions if looking at a graph?
When it is (-)
94
Hydrophobic Forces
water forces hydrophobic molecules together to minimize disruption of H-bonding between water molecules. Forces causes by repulsion by water. Minimizes H Bonding.
95
Subunits to Macromolecules use what type of bonding?
Covalent
96
Non-covalent bonds are used when forming ______ from \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Macromolecular assemblies; macromolecules
97
How many H-bonds is water capable of forming?
Four
98
Hydrogen Bonding gives water what special properties?
High Surface Tension High Specific Heat High Heat of Vaporization
99
Solute
substance being dissolved
100
Solvent
Liquid that does the dissolving
101
Water dissolves solutes that are hydrophilic/hydrophobic
hydrophilic
102
Acids
Donate proton
103
Base
Accepts proton
104
T/F: FWater can only be an acid
False; can be an acid or base
105
What is the pH of the human body?
7.4
106
When does pH matter?
Buffering, Digestion, Respiration and Circulation
107
T/F: FAll proteins have the same optimal pH values.
False.
108
For every building block of the cell, list its corresponding larger unit: 1. Sugar 2. Fatty Acid 3. Amino Acid 4. Nucleotides
1. Polysaccharides 2. Fats, Lipids, Membranes 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids
109
Function of Carbohydrates
energy storage, structure in cell wall, recognition and binding on plasma membrane
110
Carbohydrates are mainly composed of:
Sugars made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (CH2O)n n= 3 to 8
111
Aldoses have a _____ attached whereas Ketoses have a ______ attached.
hydrogen; hydrocarbon
112
D vs. L Sugars
To determine D or L, look at location of -OH group most distal to carbonyl carbon if -OH is on the right it is D; if on the left it is L
113
Why does a ring form in aqueous solution?
aldehyde or ketone group of a sugar molecule tends to react with a hydroxyl group of the same molecule, thus closing the linear form and making a ring
114
Isomers
molecules composed of the same atoms, but having a different 3D arrangement, thus also different functions
115
alpha conformation
different configurations of CH2OH and OH
116
beta conformation
same configurations of CH2OH and OH
117
hydrolysis
water is consumed and a bond is broken
118
condensation
water is removed and a bond is made
119
Polysaccharides are formed by:
lots of 1:4 glycoidic bonds
120
Glycogen is found in ______ and has _____ branching
animals; extensive
121
Starch is found in _____ and has _____ branching
plants; moderate
122
Cellulose is found in _____ and has ____ branching
plants; no
123
The main difference between cellulose, glycogen and starch is?
Cellulose has (beta 1,4) instead of alpha
124
Oligosaccharides
short chain of monosaccharides
125
O Type Blood is a universal ______ not \_\_\_\_\_
donor; acceptor
126
Lipids function in:
energy storage, membranes and steroids
127
Lipids are made up of:
fatty acids
128
fatty acid are made of:
carboxyl group and hydrocarbon chain
129
unsaturated fatty acids differ from saturated fatty acids because unsaturated fatty acids have ____ bonds
double
130
Triacylgylcerol
storage molecule for fatty acid that contains one glycerol and three fatty acids
131
What does Triacylglcerol form linkages with?
gylcerol via the carboxylic acid head of the fatty acid
132
Nucleotides are:
organic molecules that serve as the monomers, or subunits, of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA.
