Exam 1

Question 1

What are the 5 core nursing values?

Answer 1

Human Dignity, Integrity, Autonomy, Altruism, Social Justice

Question 2

What does non-maleficence mean?

Answer 2

The principle of not doing harm; AVOIDING an action

Question 3

What does beneficence mean?

Answer 3

an action you take to benefit someone

Question 4

What is the straight line on an ECG called?

Answer 4

isoelectric line

Question 5

The rhythm on an ECG refers to:

Answer 5

electrical flow

Question 6

The “plumbing” on an ECG refers to:

Answer 6

blood flow

Question 7

How does the heart’s conduction system work?

Answer 7

SA node to AV node to Bundle of HIS to Bundle Branches to Purkinje fibers

Question 8

What does the “P” wave represent?

Answer 8

Atrial contraction (depolarization)

Question 9

What does the “QRS” represent?

Answer 9

Ventricular contraction (depolarization)

Question 10

What does the “T” wave represent?

Answer 10

Rest (repolarization)

Question 11

What does it mean if there is a “Q” wave?

Answer 11

Infarct (dead tissue); seen below the isoelectric line

Question 12

How is a heart rate calculated on a 6 second strip?

Answer 12

Count the QRS x 10

Question 13

How is a heart rate calculated on a 10 second EKG?

Answer 13

Count the QRS x 6

Question 14

What is normal sinus rhythm?

Answer 14

60-100 bpm

Question 15

What is sinus brady?

Answer 15

< 60 bpm

Question 16

What is sinus tachy?

Answer 16

> 100 bpm

Question 17

How many seconds is each TINY square on a telemetry strip?

Answer 17

0.04 seconds

Question 18

How many seconds is 5 TINY scares on a telemetry strip?

Answer 18

0.20 seconds

Question 19

What does a peaked T wave mean?

Answer 19

Hyperkalemia (high potassium)

Question 20

What is the nursing intervention for a peaked T wave?

Answer 20

Calcium Gluconate can be administered

Question 21

What does RISQ stand for?

Answer 21

Rate and Rhythm, Intervals, Segments, Infarct

Question 22

What is the most important interval on EKG?

Answer 22

The QT interval.

Question 23

What is the normal time for the QT interval?

Answer 23

440 or 460 depending on gender; greater than 500ms risk for VT (death)

Question 24

What is the PR interval?

Answer 24

The start of the P to the start of the Q

Question 25

What is the QT interval?

Answer 25

The start of the Q to the end of the T

Question 26

What is indicated if the PR interval is too long?

Answer 26

Heart Block

Question 27

What is the normal time for the PR interval?

Answer 27

less than 220ms

Question 28

What is the normal time for the QRS interval?

Answer 28

120ms

Question 29

What is indicated if the QRS is too long (wide)?

Answer 29

bundle branch block

Question 30

What is the ST segment?

Answer 30

The line between S & T

Question 31

What is indicated if the line between the S & T is elevated?

Answer 31

STEMI - impending heart attack

Question 32

What is indicated with T wave inversion?

Answer 32

Ischemia (low blood flow)

Question 33

What is indicated with a Q wave present?

Answer 33

Damaged tissue; a heart attack has occured

Question 34

What is cardiac angina?

Answer 34

Chest pain

Question 35

What is stable angina?

Answer 35

chest pain that goes away with rest and administration of nitro

Question 36

What is unstable angina?

Answer 36

chest pain that doesn't go away with rest or nitro

Question 37

What is the typical size of the heart?

Answer 37

10.6 oz

Question 38

What are the three layers of the heart?

Answer 38

Endocardium (inner), myocardiam, epicardium

Question 39

What are the four heart chambers?

Answer 39

Right atrium, Right ventricle, Left Atrium, Left ventricle

Question 40

What is APEX of the heart?

Answer 40

At the bottom

Question 41

What is the BASE of the heart?

Answer 41

At the top

Question 42

Where is the PMI (point of maximum impulse located)?

Answer 42

midclavicular line at 5th intercostal space

Question 43

What is the normal amount of blood pumped out of the heart per minute?

Answer 43

4-6 L

Question 44

What is stroke volume?

Answer 44

The amount of blood ejected with each beat from the ventricles; the amount of blood in one ventricle

Question 45

What is the normal Stroke Volume?

Answer 45

60-130mL per hour

Question 46

What is ejection fraction?

Answer 46

the fraction of blood pumped out with each contraction

Question 47

What is normal ejection fraction?

Answer 47

50-70%

Question 48

What does ejection fraction tell us?

Answer 48

how well the heart is pumping; if low, indicated underlying disease

Question 49

What is preload?

Answer 49

STRETCH; pressure generated in the ventricles and the resulting stretch of muscle fibers

Question 50

What is afterload?

Answer 50

the resistance to the ejection of blood

Question 51

How is cardiac output calculated?

Answer 51

CO=SV x HR

Question 52

What is the cardiac cycle?

Answer 52

Diastole (all four chambers relaxed; ventricles filling with blood); Atrial systole; Ventricular systole

Question 53

What is Pericarditis?

Answer 53

inflammation of the pericardium; would hear friction rub

Question 54

What is Pulmonary Embolism

Answer 54

a blood clot lodged in the artery of the lung; pain worse on inhale

Question 55

What is normal Potassium lab?

Answer 55

3.5-5 meq/L

Question 56

What can be caused by Hypokalemia?

Answer 56

dysrhythmias, VT, VF

Question 57

What is normal Bun & Creatinine?

Answer 57

10-20mg/dl

Question 58

What is normal calcium?

Answer 58

8.5-10.5

Question 59

What does calcium indicate in cardiac health?

Answer 59

cardiac nodal cell activity

Question 60

What is normal magnesium?

Answer 60

1.8-3.0 mg/dl

Question 61

What does magnesium indicate in cardiac health?

Answer 61

aids in absorbing calcium

Question 62

What is normal sodium?

Answer 62

135-145

Question 63

What is normal coagulation PTT?

Answer 63

60-70 seconds

Question 64

What is blood pressure?

Answer 64

the force of blood pushing against the walls of blood vessels

Question 65

How is cardiac output calculated?

Answer 65

(pulse x SV) x peripheral resistance

Question 66

What is primary hypertension?

Answer 66

hypertension with unknown cause

Question 67

What is secondary hypertension?

Answer 67

hypertension with other related factor

Question 68

What is the #1 treatment for hypertension?

Answer 68

diurectics

Question 69

Heart failure class I

Answer 69

Mild; no limitation

Question 70

Heart failure class II

Answer 70

Mild; slight limitation

Question 71

Heart failure class III

Answer 71

Moderate; marked limitation

Question 72

Heart failure class IV

Answer 72

Severe; unable to carry out physical activity

Question 73

What do ACE inhibitor drug names end in?

Answer 73

-pril

Question 74

What do beta blocker drugs end in?

Answer 74

-olol

Question 75

The P wave timing is typically:

Answer 75

Less than 0.11 seconds

Question 76

The PR Interval timing is typically:

Answer 76

0.12-0.20 seconds

Question 77

The QRS interval timing is typically:

Answer 77

Less than 0.12 seconds

Question 78

Normal Na lab value:

Answer 78

135-145 mEq/L

Question 79

Normal K lab value:

Answer 79

3.5-5 mEq/L

Question 80

Normal BUN lab level:

Answer 80

7-18 mg/dL

Question 81

Normal Cr lab level:

Answer 81

0.6-1.2 mg/dL

Question 82

Normal Ca lab level:

Answer 82

8.5-10.5 mg/dL

Question 83

With age, the heart becomes thickened and hypertrophic. True or False?

Answer 83

True

Question 84

What are the six P’s?

Answer 84

Pain, pressure, paralysis, pallor, parenthesia and pulselessness

Question 85

What are the 6 main cardiac biomarkers?

Answer 85

Troponin, CK, CK-MB, Myoglobin, hs-CRP, BNP

Question 86

What is troponin? What is it used for diagnostically?

Answer 86

Regulatory protein complex; used to diagnose heart attack and assess degree of damage