Exam 1 Flashcards
(249 cards)
1
Q
Totipotent
A
Potential single cell to develop into an entire Organism Example: Fertilized Egg–>4 cell stages.
2
Q
What types of cells can develop into the whole organism.
A
Stem cells.
3
Q
What kind of cells do stem cells generate
A
Daughter cells
4
Q
Pluripotent
A
The ability to develop into all cell types of the body, but not supporting structures found early embryos.
5
Q
what is a daughter cell’s function?
A
Differentiate into many specialized cells.
6
Q
Stem cells exist in both____ and___ tissues
A
Embryos and adult tissues.
7
Q
What type of cell is able to develop into an entire organism?
A
Totipotent stem cell
8
Q
Define Totipotent stem cell
A
The potential single cell to develop into an entire organism.
9
Q
What type of cell is able to develop into all cells of the body, but not supporting structures?
A
Pluripotent stem Cell
10
Q
Define Pluripotent
A
A Stem cell that is able to develop into all cells of the body, but not supporting cell.
11
Q
What type of cell is able to give rise to a small number of different cell types
A
Multipotent
12
Q
Define Multipotent
A
The ability to give rise to small number of cells. Example Skin, neural epithelial.
13
Q
What type of cell has the capacity to give rise to only a single cell type ?
A
Unipotent
14
Q
Define Unipotent
A
The ability for a stem cell to give rise to only one cell type.
15
Q
What means the ability to differentiate into many cells types ?
A
Plasticity
16
Q
Define Plasticity
A
The ability to differentiate into MANY cell types.
17
Q
What are the five different types of multipotent stem cells?
A
Hematopoietic, skin, neural epithelial and mesenchymal.
18
Q
Where are mesenchymal stem cell originally found ?
A
Bone Marrow
19
Q
What kind of protein are used to regulate the changes in gene expression ?
A
Transcription Factors
20
Q
Are daughter Cells part of the commitment or differentiation stage of stem cell renewal ?
A
Differentiation
21
Q
Why is asymmetric cell division riskier than symmetric division of stem cells
A
In can easily lead to cancer
22
Q
Define symmetric
A
2 daughter cells are produced that done differ in fate
23
Q
Define Asymmetric
A
2 daughter cells are produced that DIFFER in fate.
24
Q
which type of stem cell has the ability to differential into a small number of cell types
A
Multipotent
25
Gives rise to ALL cells and tissues
totipotent
26
The type of cell division that results in renewal of stem cell an differentiated daughter cells
Asymmetric
27
This stem can give rise to all cells and supporting tissue
totipotent
28
Stem cell division
Is asymmetric
29
When stem cell division is controlled by binding of growth factors on the cell surface?
Extrinsic
30
Which one is more differentiated than hematopoietic cell?
IPSC
31
What are progenitor cells
They give rise to two different cells.
32
What are two example that can give rise to hemopoietic cell?
RBC' Lymphocytes T-lymphocytes Natural killer cells
33
What kind of proteins are used to regulate the changes in gene expression?
Transcription Factors
34
Are daughter cells part of the commitment or differentiation stage of stem cell renewal ?
Differentiation
35
Why is asymmetric cell division riskier than symmetric division of stem cells?
It can easily lead to cancer.
36
What controls stem self renewal
Microenvironment ( extrinsic and intrinsic signaling)
37
what process does the microenvironment control ?
Stem cell Self-renewal
38
What part of the microenvironment has extrinsic signaling
Extracellular matrix (ECM)
39
What is one application of stem cell technology today
Treatment of conditions like Parkinson's, Type 1 diabetes, Alzheimer's etc.
40
What cell types have a nucleus
Eukaryotes
41
What cell types lack nucleus
Prokaryotes
42
What cell type has liner DNA
eukaryotes
43
What cell type has circular DNA
Prokaryotes
44
What cell type has internal membrane bound organelles
Eukaryotes
45
What cell type lacks internal membrane bound
prokaryotes
46
What is the sticky substance that surrounds cells from the outside
Glycocalyx
47
What is glycocalyx made out of
Polysaccharides polypeptides or both
48
What are the two types of glycocalyx
Capsule and slime layer
49
What type of glycocalyx is firmly attached to the cell surface ?
Capsule
50
How are capsule glycocalyx attached to the cell surface?
firmly
51
Prokaryotes are different than eukaryotes because prokaryotes lack?
Nucleus
52
Which is NOT a component of flagella? A. Hook B. Basal Body C. Stem D. Filament
C. Stem.
53
I am lookin at a prokaryotic cells under a microscope, which appear to be red following staining. Why are they Red ?
Thin peptidoglycan Layer.
54
Prokaryotes are different than eukaryotes because prokaryotes lack
They Lack nucleus.
55
A structure designed solely for prokaryotic survival of harsh environments.
Cell wall.
56
A purple gram reaction would indicate a? a. Gram+ organism b. Gram- organism c.Thin peptidoglycan d. thick peptidoglycan e. B and D f. A and C
F. A and C Gram-Positive and thick peptidoglycan
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Eukaryotes only
Nucleus
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Nuclear area of a prokaryotes
Nucleoid
59
Purple staining prokaryotes
Gram +
60
Plants cell only have ?
Chloroplast
61
What type of ribosome is found in bacteria
50's + 30's = 70s so, 70's ribosomes are found in bacteria.
62
What is an endospore
Some bacteria produce it, and its a defensive strategy against unfavorable conditions sporulation.
63
Which statement about endospores is true? a. They are reproductive structures of some bacteria b. They occur in all archaea c. They can cause shock, fever, and inflammation d. They are dormant, resistant cells
D. They ae dormant, resistant cells.
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65
Order from least to most differentiated
Stem cell, myeloid, progenitor,neutrophil
66
What are the two types of glycocalyx
Capsule and slime layer
67
What are glycolyx composed of
Polysaccharides, polypeptide or both
68
What type of glycocalyx is firmly attached to the cell surface
Capsule
69
How are capsule gylcocalyx attached to the cell surface
Firmly
70
What part of the bacterial cell is used for **conjugation?**
Pili
71
What type of glycocalyz is **loosly** attached to the cell surface
Slime layer
72
What are some baterial cells main form of molitility
Flagella
73
Define Flagella
THe ability to move
74
What **exteranl structure** of bacterial cells are used to **adhere to things**
Frimbiae
75
Define fimbriae
A Sticky and bristle- like projection used by bacteria to adhere to one another, hostls and substances in the enviroment.
76
What **external structure** of bacterial cells are used to **conjugate (** mediate the **transfer of DNA from** one cell to another
Pili
77
Define pili
it is and external structure (Tubule) of bacterial cells that is used for conjugation ( mediate the transfer of DNA from one cell to another
78
What part of the cell provides structure and shape
Cell wall
79
what is the cell wall composed of
Peptidoglycan
80
What size is the peptidoglycan in a gram + bacteria cell wall
Thick
81
What color are gram(-) bacterial cell walls
red
82
What is the main adhesive *protein* in Epithelial Tissue?
lamin
83
What do fibronectin and lamin proteins contain
They contain proteoglycan and collagen-binding domains
84
What protein adheres connective tissue
Fibronectin
85
What adhesive protein is found in the epithelial tissue
Lamin proteins
86
The fibronectin protein is an adhesive to what tissue
Connective tissue
87
The lamin protein is adhesive to what tissue?
Epithelial TIssue
88
Which of the cell junction and proteins are involved with anchoring the basement membrane?
Hemidesomers
89
What are the **genetic mutations in collagen or elastin?**
1. Scurvy-Vitamin C
2. osteogenesis Imperfecta ("Brittle Bone" )
3. Marfan Syndrom
4. Antitrypsin Deficiency
(SOMA)
90
What are the components for Collagen
1. Most abundant protein in the body
2. ECM function- support strength
3. very tough and resistance to shearing forces
4. Strong attachment
(M.E.V.S)
91
Briefly describe Marafin Syndrome
* Tall stature
* Lanky limbs
* Abnormal joint Stability
(TLA)
92
Briefly describe antitrypsin deficiency
* Elastase digests elastin
* This is inhibited by the protein 1-antitrypsin
* Destruction in the lungs
* Neutrophil produce elastase
93
Briefly describe Ehler-Danlos Syndrom
The genetic defect of fibril collagen
( Defect in structures synthesis or processing
(Collagen production affecting joints and stretchy skin)
94
Proteoglycans are located especially in what?
Synovial fluid
95
What are the components for Elastin
* Is a Flexible Connective tissue that stretches and relaxes without tearing
* Loose connective tissue
* Rubber-like elastic tissue
* Elastin fiber
96
What location consist of elastin fibers
* Lungs
* Large arteries
* Elastin ligaments
* Skin
(LLES)
*
97
What is the location for the collagen fibers
Tough coverings ( Dura and organs)
98
What does the negative structure of GAG's have on its Function?
The negative structure of GaG's Repel each other and attract allot of water.
99
What are proteoglycans made out of
Proteins and Sugar.
100
What are GaG's
Glycosa--amino--glycans
Very negative charges sugars
101
What is another name for GAG's
Muco--poly--saccharides
102
What are examples of GAG's
* Chondroitin Sulfate
* Keratan Sulfate
* Dermatan Sulfate
* Heparan Sulfate
103
What impact does the negative structure of GAG's have on its Function?
The negative charges tend to repel each other and attract a lot of water
Binds Na and K (+H2O)
Hydrophilic
H2O----\> Cushion ( water bed)
104
What is the difference between proteoglycan monomer and aggregate?
Proteoglycan monomer is a protein core with GAG's attachment to it. **(NO Hyaluronic Acid)**
**A**nd
Aggregate are many monomers attached to each hyaluronic acid
105
106
Hos is collagen assembled ( in general)
repeating amino acid chains are formed
107
what is needed to add hydroxyl groups to the amino acid chain to form collegen
•Vitamin C is needed to add hydroxyl groups to those chains
108
How would collagen be organized in bone?
They are oriented at an **angle to other collagen fibers,** in order to provide r**esistance to mechanics shear stress applied in any direction.**
109
How would collagen be organized in tendons?
fibers are all in the same straight direction, along the length of a tendon.
110
What are gap junction important for?
Cell Commnication
111
What are the components of elastin
* Rubber like elastic tissue
* Elastin FIber
* loose Connective Tissue
112
Components of Collagen
* Most abundant protein in body
* differenciate types vary for structual role
* ECM function-Support strength
113
what location can you find elastin
lungs
large arteries
elastin ligaments
skin
L.L.E.S
114
What do intergrins bind to for **cell-cell or cell ECM** interaction
**Actin cytoskeleton**
cell-cell and cell to ECM are mediated by intergrins.
115
During extravasation, what cell adhesions activated, **binds a ligand & causes firmly arrest?**
Intergrins
116
If you have a paiten that walks into your office and tells you that they have an autosomal dominant disorder, they have *tall structure, lanky limbs* and *abonormal joints mobility*. what disease do they more than likely have?
Marafan Syndrome
117
What are desmosomes
Anchors **intermediate fillamanet** of the cells
118
What type of anchoring junction joins actin bundles between cells
Adherens
119
Which **Cell junction** and proteins **seals epithelial** cells together
Tight junctions
120
What are desomes
Joins the **intermediate filaments** in one cell to those neighbor
121
Most Cancer cells originate from?
Epithelial and E-Cardherin
122
How are adhesion molecule related to Cancer
Cells don't adhere as well and break off and travel.
Desruption of E-Catherin
123
124
How are adhesion molecules related to Leukocytes defiency
Bacterial Infection
125
How are adhesion molecules related to pemphogoid?
disruption of cadhesion.
126
What is important for the prevention of leaky gut?
tight junctions
127
What do tight junctions do
Seal epithelial cells together, prevent leakage between cell, and prevent leaky gut.
128
What do adherens do?
Joins actin bundles between cells
129
What anchors filaments between cells
Desmosomes
130
What do desmosomes do
**Anchors** filaments between cells
131
What allows small, water soluble molecules to pass between cells?
Gap Junctions
132
What do gap Junctions do?
Allows small water soluble to pass between cells and cell-to -cell communication.
133
What to hemidesmosmes do?
Anchors filaments to besement membrane
134
What do intergrins adhere to?
Collagen and fibronectin
135
What cell adheresion molecule adhere to collagen and fibronectin
Intergrins
136
What does selectin do?
Short term
Cell to cell
binds to lectin
137
What is shot-term
cell to cell and binds to lectin ?
selectin
138
what shape is a proteoglycan
Bottle brush
139
what is the monomer of a proteoglycan?
Protein core will all other GAG's ( Except hyaluronic)
140
How are **cell adhesion** molecules involved in the **4 steps**
Caherin, selection , immunoglobin superfamily, intergrin.
141
Cadherin
Hold cell together
With the help of calcium.
142
Immunoglobin superfamily
Cell-Cell
Structure Similar to immunoglobins
promote adhesion of WBC to Endothelium of blood vessels
ICAM and VCAM.
143
Intergrin
receptor are in hemidesomes
Regulate cell-cell and cell-ECM
Weak
* Signaling: Outside influence Cytoskeltone and intercellular
*
144
What does the **inner leaflet of the membrane contain?**
Hydrophobic tail
Inner leaflet: is toward the cytosol.
145
What does the **outer leaflet** of the membrane contain
Hydrophilic head
Outerleaflet: Is towards the **exterior** and **can form lipids rafts.**
146
What is the majority of the membrane and what percentage does it account for?
lipids, 40-80%
147
What are majority of lipids in the membrane
Phospholips
148
What word means
"contains both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts?
Amphipathic
149
What defines the KIND of phospholipid?
Polar head group.
150
How are phospholipids described?
amphipathic
151
Why is structure so important of a phospholipid important for membrane functionality
Allows **only Certain** molecules to enter the cell
And
Keep water outside of the cell
152
What types of movement may phospholipids encounter?
**Lateral**
**Flexion** (The type of movement in the fluid mosaic model )
**Rotation**
and **Migration** from one leaflet to another ( Only occurs in unhealthy cells
153
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Movement is responsible for the movement in the fluid mosaic model.
Lateral.
154
What choline, serine and ethanolamine all have in common
Amine Groups.
155
Phosphatidyl*serine*
Mostly on the **inner** leaflet of the plasma membrane
It moves the outer leaflet and(+) signals WBC to come
156
157
What is the backbone of sphingomyelin
Sphigosine+ fatty acids+ Phosphate+ Choline
High concentration in the myelin sheath
Plasma membrane in all animals.
158
What has a high concentration in myelin Sheath?
Sphingomyelin
159
Shinogosine+Fatty acids+phosphate+Choline make up what backbone?
Sphingomyelin.
160
Where is sphingomyelin highly concentrated?
Myelin sheath of nerves.
161
What does the myelin sheath of nerves contain a high concentration of
Sphingomyelin
162
What phospholipid will migrate to what side to signal for apoptosis?
Phosphatidylserine and from inner to outer
163
How do fatty acid tails of membrane lipids (saturated and desaturated) impact membrane fluidity?
Saturated fatty Acids----- Tails will increase fluidity
Desaturated Fatty Acids----Tails will Decrease fluidity
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165
What increases the rigidity of the membrane?
Cholesterol
166
What **decreases the motion** of phospholipids
Cholesterol
167
How does cholesterol *impact cell membrane function*
decrease motion of phospholipids
Increase strength and Rigidity
Acts as a temperature buffer
168
Sphingomyelin is a molecule identified in a plasma membrane. Where is the location of the sphingomyelin in the membrane
The outer membrane leaflet
169
What lipid raft is able to carry a **high number of proteins and communicate due to the closeness?**
Cavleoae
170
What is the function of lipid rafts?
Cholesterol Transport
Endocytosis
Signal Transduction
171
Which is **NOT** a function of Lipid Rafts
1. Endocytosis
2. Binding of G-actin
3. Cholesterol Transport
4. Signal Transduction
Binding of G-actin
172
How does the cholesterol impact cell membrane function
**Raise** melting point
Provide **structural** and **regulation**
Make the membrane**-less soluble**
173
What are the Glycolipids of the membrane Called?
Glycocalyx
174
What are glycolipids made of?
What is another name for Glycolipids?
What is the function of the glycolipids?
Lipids and Sugar
Another name is glycocalyx
Function: Cell-Cell interaction.
175
Which leaflet is the glycocalyx attached
Its attached to the outer leaflet.
176
What are the 3 types of membrane proteins?
Transmembrane, lipid- anchored and peripheral
177
What allows the membrane to be fluid instead of static
Motion of phospholipids
178
Which membrane protein goes all the way through?
Transmembrane
179
Which membrane protein is *embedded,* **but** does not *extend through bilayer?*
Lipid Anchored.
180
Which membrane protein is hanging outside of the bilayer?
Peripheral Protein
181
Where are the peripheral proteins found
Found in the Cytosolic side and binds to integral proteins.
182
What do the *ion channels* and *transportation protein* allow the membrane bounds protein to do?
Enable( permits) molecules to enter and exits a cell
183
What Enables (permits) molecules to enter and exit a cell within membrane protein?
Ion channels
Transportation Proteins
184
*Ligament receptors* enable (permits) what function of membrane-bound proteins?
Enables (permits) *cell to respond to hormone* and(+) other signaling molecules.
185
What enables( permits) cell to respond to hormone and other signaling molecules within the membrane-bound proteins.
ligament receptors
186
What enable(permits) cell-to-cell contact within the membrane-bound protein?
Cell adhesion molecules
187
Cell adhesion molecules within a membrane protein do what function?
Allows cell to cell contact.
188
What are G-protein's Function within cell membrane protein?
Binds GTP for cell signaling in response to hormone.
189
What helps binds GTP for cell signaling
G-Proteins
190
Can you describe the fluid mosaic model?
Ocean like movement due to the lateral motion of phospholipids and proteins
191
*Ocean like* movement due to *lateral motion* of *phospholipid and proteins*
Fluid Mosaic Model
192
193
What are the 3 layers primary components of the cytoskeleton
**Actin filaments** (Actin protein Small protein)
## Footnote
**Intermediate**
**Microtubules**
194
What is the function of actin
**Regulation of physical state** in the **cytoplasm** of non-muscle cells.
195
What is a single subunit of action?
G-actin
196
What are 2 long strands of G actin wound together
F-actin
197
What End is the G-Actin added
+end
198
What end is the G-actin removed
- end
199
What state of f-actin microfilament synthesis does treadmilling occur
Steady state
200
what is treadmilling
G-Actin monomers are added to (+) end at the same rate as other G-Actin monomers are removed from the (-) end
201
What are the functions of actin microfilament
regulations of the physical state of the cytosol
202
What makes cytosol more firm?
Bundled or cross-linked F-actin strands.
203
What makes cytosol more liquid
The depolymerization of F-actin.
204
What breaks F-actin into smaller segments by twisting action.
Cofilin
205
What fragments F-actin and requires calcium?
Gelsolin
206
What cross-linking protein is extremely important to the structure of RBC.
Spectrin
207
What links actin to the basement membrane of skeletal muscle?
Dystrophin.
208
What type of intermediate filaments are found in the neurons?
Type IV (4)
209
How many different types of intermediate filaments are there?
6
210
What is the GTP cap
Where new dimers are added to a protofilament
211
What happened when the microtubules losses its GTP cap?
Disassociates and the protofilaments peel off.
212
\_\_\_\_\_ binds to G-actin and prevents\_\_\_\_\_?
cofilin,twisting
213
\_\_\_\_ is very important in the structure of RBC
Spectrin
214
When actin is being polymerized, G-actin is added to?
Positive end
215
If a paiten has muscular dystrophy, they have a genetic defect in which actin-binding protein?
Dystrophin
216
T/F making an intermediate filament requires 1 ATP per coiled-coil added
False ( doesn't require ATP)
217
Where are new dimers added in microtubules
GTP cap
218
Why does a microtubule disassemble?
The GTP cap gets lots
219
Which of these is a function of microtubules?
1. Organize chromosomes into mitotic spindles
2. Move organelles intercellularly
3. move an entire cell though fluid
4. All the above
4. All the above.
220
What binds G-actin monomers preventing polymerization?
Profilin.
221
What links actin to the basement membrane of skeletal muscle
Dystrophin
222
What gives muscles tensile strenghth
Dystrophin
223
\_\_\_\_\_\_ binds to G-actin and prevents\_\_\_\_\_
Profilin, polymerization
224
\_\_\_\_\_ is very important in the structure of RBC
Spectrin
225
When actin is being polymerized, G-actin is added to
Positive side
226
T/F making an intermediate filament requires 1ATP per coiled-coil added
False, It doesn't need ATP
227
Where are new dimers added in microtubules
GTP cap
228
Why does a microtubule dissemble?
The GTP cap gets lots
229
What type of intermediate filaments are found in neurons?
Type IV (4)
230
How many different types of intermediate filaments are there?
6
231
What is the GTP cap?
Where new dimer are added to a protofilament microtubules
232
What happens when the microtubules losses Its GTP cap
Disassociates and the protofilament peel off
233
What is the function of the nuclear envelope?
Phospholipid bilayer membrane
234
what is the function of nuclear pores?
Communication between nucleus and cytosol
235
What is the function of a nucleoplasm?
Fluid inside nucleus
236
What is the function of the nuclear lamina
Structural oragnization by intermediate filaments
237
What is the function of a nucleolus?
Suborganelle where rRNA is made and ribosomes assembled.
238
Where and with what does protein synthesis occur?
Where? Ribosomes
Synthesis mRNA
239
What is synthesized in the smooth ER
Lipids and steroids Hormones.
240
What is the function of the Rough ER
Protein synthesis
241
Where is calcium stored in the cell?
in the RER
242
What are the parts of a flagellum?
Filament
Hook
Basal Body
243
What are fimbriae and sex pili important for?
Fimbriae: used by bacteria to adhere to one another, to host and to substances in the environment.
Sex Pili: Mediate the transfer of DNA from one cell to another.
244
How are Gram(+) and Gram(-) bacteria different
Gram (+) the bacteria have multiple layers of a cell, stain blue or purple
Gram(-) the bacteria have 2 cell layers with peptidoglycans in between, thin single layered stain red ( HAS LPS)
245
Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur in bacteria?
Mitochondria
246
How are plasmids important to bacteria
Genes carried in plasmids provides bacteria with genetic advantages such as antibiotic resistance.
247
What type of ribosomes is found in bacteria?
Prokaryotic ribosomes are 70's
2 subunits:30's and 50's
248
What is an endospore
unique structure produced by some bacteria that are a defensive strategy against unfavorable conditions.
249
Importance of gut microbiota
Role in immune system to protect against aggregations from other microorganisms. It is also key to ensuring proper digestive function.
