Exam 1

Question 1

What type of adrenocortical hormones has an effect on the electrolytes of the ECF?

Answer 1

Mineralcorticoids

Question 2

What hormone is secreted in response to aniotensin II?

Answer 2

Aldosterone

Question 3

How do the thyroid hormones increase cellular metabolic activity?

Answer 3

Increases the number and activity of the mitochondria and increases active transport of ions through cellular membranes

Question 4

How does facilitated diffusion differ from simple diffusion?

Answer 4

Has a maximum rate of diffusion

Question 5

What is required for the formation of thyroxine?

Answer 5

Iodine

Question 6

What effects does cortisol have on fat metabolism?

Answer 6

Mobilization of fatty acids

Question 7

What effects does cortisol have on protein metabolism?

Answer 7

Reduces cellular protiens, increases liver and plasma protiens, and increases blood AA

Question 8

What layer of the adrenal cortex is responsible for the secretion of cortisol and corticosterone?

Answer 8

Zona fasciculata

Question 9

What enzyme is necessary for the synthesis of aldosterone?

Answer 9

Aldosterone synthase

Question 10

What is the principle glucocorticoid hormone?

Answer 10

Cortisol

Question 11

What is the function of a phosphoprotein phosphatase?

Answer 11

Removes a phosphate group from a cellular protein

Question 12

When is positive feedback adventagous in the human body?

Answer 12

Blood clotting, child birth, and generation of nerve signals

Question 13

What group of hormones is seceted from the adrenal cortex and are all synthesized from cholesterol?

Answer 13

Corticosteroids

Question 14

What effect of high levels of cortisol is significant in medication?

Answer 14

Anti-inflammatory effects

Question 15

What is the principle mineralcorticoid hormone?

Answer 15

Aldosterone

Question 16

What effect does cortisol have on carbohydrate metabolism?

Answer 16

Stimulates gluconeogenesis and decreases glucose utilization by cells

Question 17

What organs assist in the removal of metabolic end products?

Answer 17

Lungs, kidneys, GI tract, and liver

Question 18

What is the secretory substance that fills the follicles of the thyroid gland?

Answer 18

Colloid

Question 19

What layer of the adrenal cortex is responsible for the secretion of aldosterone?

Answer 19

Zona glomerulosa

Question 20

What term refers to the amount of pressure required to stop osmosis?

Answer 20

Osmotic pressure

Question 21

What is one of the main ways cortisol exhibits its anti-inflammatory effects?

Answer 21

Stabilizes lysosomal membranes

Question 22

What organelles of the cell at the steroid products of the adrenal cortex synthesized?

Answer 22

Mitochondria and enoplasmic reticulum

Question 23

Why does cortisol have a relatively long half-life?

Answer 23

Cortisol binds to plasma proteins

Question 24

What organelle is responsible for the synthesis of lipid substances?

Answer 24

Agranular/Smooth ER

Question 25

What measure determines the degree of effectiveness with whihc a control system maintains constant conditions?

Answer 25

Gain

Question 26

Where are adrenocortical hormones metabolized?

Answer 26

The liver

Question 27

What type of adrenocortical hormones increases the concentration of glucose in the body?

Answer 27

Glucocorticoids

Question 28

Term for the loose carbohydrate coat on the outside surface of a cell.

Answer 28

Glycocalyx

Question 29

What property of the thyroid gland is unusual in comparision to other endocrine glands?

Answer 29

Ability to store hormones

Question 30

What is the inner most layer of the adrenal cortex?

Answer 30

Zona reticularis

Question 31

Term for the cell body of a neuron/nerve cell.

Answer 31

Soma

Question 32

What are the thin projections from the soma that recieve information?

Answer 32

Dendrites

Question 33

What are the one or two processes that extend from the soma that pass on information?

Answer 33

Axons

Question 34

What is the first portion of axon and part of the soma where the axon joins? This is where electrical signals that will be conducted away from the soma along the axon are often inititated.

Answer 34

Initial segment/Trigger zone/Axon hillock

Question 35

Term for the branches of axons.

Answer 35

Collaterals

Question 36

Term for axon endings, responsible for transmitting signals from the neuron to the next cell.

Answer 36

Axon terminals

Question 37

What cells of the nervous system are not neurons that help support and nourish the neurons?

Answer 37

Glial cells/neuroglia

Question 38

What covers most axons and insulates their membranes making it more difficult for electrical signals to flow between the axon's intracellular fluid and the ECF?

Answer 38

Myelin

Question 39

Term for the spaces between the myelin formings cells.

Answer 39

Nodes of Ranvier

Question 40

What causes an electrical signal to be generated in a sensory neuron in response to physical or chemical changes in the internal or external environment?

Answer 40

Receptors

Question 41

What chemical messenger is used at a synapse to transmit activity from one neuron to another?

Answer 41

Neurotransmitter

Question 42

What type of neuron lies in pathways between afferent and efferent neurons?

Answer 42

Interneurons

Question 43

What hormone functions as a catalyst for the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I?

Answer 43

Renin

Question 44

What organ does growth hormone secreted from the anterior pituitary control the secretion of growth hormone from?

Answer 44

Liver

Question 45

What anterior pituitary hormones control the secretions of the ovaris and testes?

Answer 45

Follicle stimulating hormone and lutenizing hormone

Question 46

What anterior pituitary hormone does not control the secretion of some other hormone by a peripheral endocrine gland?

Answer 46

Prolactin

Question 47

What group of hormones is released by the liver in response to growth hormone?

Answer 47

Somatomedins

Question 48

What are some stimuli for the release of growth hormone?

Answer 48

Starvation/protein deficiency, low blood glucose or fatty acids, sleep, exercise, excitement, trauma

Question 49

What parts of the endocrien system do somatomedin exert long loop negative feedback on?

Answer 49

Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland

Question 50

Term for feedback when a hormone in the periheral endocrine gland is the source of feedback.

Answer 50

Long loop feedback

Question 51

Term for feedback when the anterior pituitary hormone inhibits the hypothalamus.

Answer 51

Short loop feedback

Question 52

What are some functions of tyroxine and triiodthyronine?

Answer 52

Facilitates body growth, maturation of the nervous system, assist in setting the rate at which the body metabolizes food

Question 53

What are the three types of input on an endocrine cell that can influence its secretory rate?

Answer 53

Neurotransmitter released by neuron, hormone, and ion or organic nutrient

Question 54

What is the major function of a hormone when its secretion is influenced by the plasma concentration of an ion or nutrient?

Answer 54

Regulation via negative feedback of the ECF level of that same ion or nutrient

Question 55

Where is oxytocin and ADH/vasopressin synthesized?

Answer 55

Hypothalamic neurons

Question 56

What causes the release of hypothalamic releasing hormones as well as hypothalamic inhibitory hormones?

Answer 56

Actional potenials in their axons

Question 57

Where is epinephrine and norepinephrine secreted from?

Answer 57

Adrenal medulla

Question 58

What endocrine gland is made up of nervous tissue?

Answer 58

Adrenal medulla

Question 59

What hormone of the posterior pituitary increases water reabsorption by the kidneys and causes vasoconstriction?

Answer 59

ADH or Vasopressin