Exam 1

Question 1

What is health

Answer 1

a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease

Question 2

What are the 6 dimensions of health

Answer 2

• physical
• social
• mental
• emotional
• spiritual
• environmental

Question 3

What is disease

Answer 3

-any condition that impairs the normal functioning of the body

Question 4

What is epidemiology

Answer 4

• study of the distribution of health related states in human populations
• provides info for the public heath decision making
• a quantitative science

Question 5

Uses of epidemiologic concepts and methods

Answer 5

• working of health services
• determining individual risks
• disease surveillance
• etc

Question 6

Epidemiologic transitions: Paleolithic age

Answer 6

• Normadic
• hunters and gatherers
• parasitic infections
• limited transmission

Question 7

First epidemiologic transition

Answer 7

• 10,000 years ago
• new social order due to agriculture
• zoonoses through animal domestication
• increases infectious disases with enhanced transmission

Question 8

Leading cause of death in 1900 vs 1997

Answer 8

1900: pneumonia
1997: heart disease

Question 9

Factors behind second epidemiologic transition

Answer 9

• sanitation and vector control
• nutrition
• birth control
• education
• medical technology

Question 10

Third epidemiologic transition

Answer 10

-in last ~30 years
-emerging, re-emerging, and persistent infectious diseases worldwide
-anthropogenic factors of emergence
~75% of diseases are zoonotic

Question 11

Factors in infectious disease emergence

Answer 11

• host susceptibility to infection
• climate and weather
• changing ecosystems
• economic development and landuse
• Human demographics and
• lots more

Question 12

Case control study

Answer 12

• a disease in search for exposure

- case group has disease, control group doesnt

Question 13

Cohort study

Answer 13

• an exposure in search of a disease

- start with one group of disease free people and expose half the group to something and the other half to nothing

Question 14

Germ theory

Answer 14

• idea that disease could be caused by a self-replicating agent
• began in 16th century but not accepted until later 19th century
• played second fiddle to miasma theory

Question 15

Miasmatic and Hippocratic theory of disease causation

Answer 15

• Hippocrates

- explained disease in rational versus supernatural terms

Question 16

Who was the first to develop formal contagion theory of disease transmission

Answer 16

-Girolamo Fracastoro

Question 17

Smallpox

Answer 17

• viral disease
• spread via prolonged face to face contact and bodily fluids
• killed 400,000 Europeans a year in 18th century
• killed 300-500 million in 20th century
• last natural case was in 1977

Question 18

Malaria

Answer 18

• mosquito borne
• humans are the reservoir
• patrick manson suggested the mosquito transmission hypothesis

Question 19

John Snow

Answer 19

• father of epidemiology

- waterborne theory with Cholera

Question 20

Leeuwenhoek

Answer 20

• first to apply the microscope in the study of disease and medicine
• discovered animalcules

Question 21

Pasteur and Koch

Answer 21

• firmly established germ theory
• specific microorganims=specific diseases
• developed methods proving vaccines as method for disease prevention

Question 22

John Graunt

Answer 22

• analyzed bills of mortality to uncover patterns of death and disease
• divided deaths into two types of causes: acute and chronic
• acute means it struck suddenly (Cholera)
• Chronic means it lasted over time

Question 23

Jane Lane-Claypon

Answer 23

• cohort study showing that babies fed breast milk gained more weight than those fed cow milk
• developed case-control study
• found breast cancer risk was greater for woman who did not have children
• found that genes could influence cancer risk

Question 24

Descriptive epidemiology

Answer 24

-organizing data on health-related events according to person, place, and time factors

Question 25

Goldberg experiments

Answer 25

- pellegra - may have been due to corn harvest methods - injected people with pellegra blood and none got disease - by adding meat and legumes to peoples diet, they were cured

Question 26

-Lind experiment

Answer 26

- scurvy | - by adding citrus to the diets of infected patients, they were cured

Question 27

Secular trends

Answer 27

-represent long term changes in heath related states or events

Question 28

Short term trends

Answer 28

-brief, unexpected increases in health related states or events

Question 29

cyclic trends

Answer 29

-periodic increases and decreases in occurence of health-related states or events

Question 30

Epidemic curves

Answer 30

-graphically represent disease cases during an outbreak

Question 31

Cohort effect

Answer 31

-change in disease from response to something

Question 32

Period effect

Answer 32

-change in disease that effects the population at any point in time

Question 33

Analytic epidemiology

Answer 33

-how we quantify the association between exposures and outcomes, and test hypotheses about casual relationships

Question 34

Variables in the epidemiologic triad

Answer 34

- agent - host - environment

Question 35

Variables in the wheel model

Answer 35

- biologic, physical, and social environment - host (man) - genetic core

Question 36

A necessary cause

Answer 36

-a factor found in all cases

Question 37

Contributing cause

Answer 37

-a non necessary factor that is needed in some cases

Question 38

Sufficiency

Answer 38

-combination of factors that make disease inevitable

Question 39

Causal pie model

Answer 39

- one common factor is needed for all cases | - can be more than one sufficient mechanism for a given ailment

Question 40

Chain of infection

Answer 40

- agent begins in a reservoir (water, man, animal, etc) - Mode of transmission (how the disease spreads) - susceptible host

Question 41

Components of infectious disease process

Answer 41

- agent - reservoir - portals of entry and exit - mode of transmission - immunity

Question 42

Immunity

Answer 42

- all factors that alter likelihood and severity of infection after host is exposed - innate (inborn) and acquired (learned) immunity

Question 43

Innate immunity

Answer 43

-immunity due to physical barriers (skin), chemical barriers (acidity), non-specific cellular responses (phages)

Question 44

Acquired immunity

Answer 44

cellular (Lymphocytes) and non-cellular (antibodies)

Question 45

Active immunization

Answer 45

- the product of host response exposure - natural active = exposure - artificial active = vaccination

Question 46

Passive immunization

Answer 46

- receipt of immunity products from others - natural passive = maternal antibodies - artificial passive = therapeutic

Question 47

Primary prevention

Answer 47

-intended to reduce new occurances

Question 48

Secondary prevention

Answer 48

-intended to reduce duration and severity

Question 49

Tertiary prevention

Answer 49

-intended to reduce complications and disabilities