Exam 1 Flashcards
(39 cards)
1
Q
What is the general interview?
A
- takes at least 2 hrs; usually 2-3 meetings
- should include:
- developmental history
- medical history
- social history
- school history
- treatment history
- strengths & any attention problems
2
Q
What is standardization? How is it useful in the empirical approach to classification?
A
- standardization: specific set of rules used as a measurement method across different assessments
- allows results to be replicated
- establishes an avg score so that individual results can be compared to help diagnose
3
Q
What are broadband rating scales? Names of broadband scales
A
- broad questions measuring many different areas
- generally about frequency of behaviors (ex. always, sometimes, never)
- BASC (Behavioral Assessment Rating for Children) & CBCL
4
Q
What are focused rating scales?
A
- assess potential areas of issue indicated by broad scale
- ex. scale specific for depression
5
Q
What is the purpose and characteristics of the DSM V?
A
- purpose: provide definitions of disorders to aid diagnosis (determined by group of expert researchers)
- heterogenous - the disorders show up in many different ways
- atheoretical - no theory behind the disorders, just what it is
- no etiology (causes) of the disorder
- disorder must cause functional impairment in one aspect of life (home, family, school, peers/friends)
6
Q
What is it called to have more than one disorder at a time?
A
- co-occurrence
- older medical term would be co-morbidity
7
Q
What are the advantages of the DSM?
A
- helps with communication and research as everyone uses same def
- reduces surprise (know that someone has a disorder and can plan on how to help them,)
- provides info about prognosis (course, how long it’ll last), prevalence
8
Q
What are the disadvantages of the DSM?
A
- promotes medical model of mental health (treats like a disease, or like an underlying medical problem)
- doesn’t consider gender, age, culture, problems in very young kids 0-3
9
Q
What are the problems with labeling a child?
A
- other ppl stigmatize
- self-stigma/ self-fulfilling prophecy
- nominal fallacy - naming error; labels falsely stated as causes of behavior (NO, labels intended to describe behavior)
10
Q
What is a functional analysis?
A
- answers the “why” of behavior
- asks about a child’s behavior in context (takes setting into consideration)
11
Q
How is pathological behavior adapative?
A
- undesirable behaviors work to get something good for the child in the short-term
- there’s a reinforcer that happens quickly
12
Q
What are projective tests?
A
- child presented with ambiguous stimuli and asked to describe what they see
- hypothesis that child will project their personality on the stimulus
- controversial bc it doesnt really meet standards of validity or reliability
13
Q
What is positive reinforcement?
A
- positive consequence (reinforcer) presented after behavior makes behavior more likely to reoccur in the future
14
Q
What is negative reinforcement?
A
- unpleasant/aversive stimulus goes away after behavior occurs making the behavior more likely to reoccur in the future
15
Q
What is punishment?
A
- aversive consequence presented after a behavior occurs, making it LESS likely to reoccur
16
Q
What are the 3 types of behavior that make up anxiety?
A
- Cognition: thinking behavior, can be shaped
- Feelings/Emotions: physiological
- Overt-Motor behavior - voluntary can be seen
17
Q
What are the characteristics of Generalized Anxiety Disorder?
A
- excessive worry about a range of topics (BAD and in the future)
- worry is out of proportion w/ actual likelihood
- tend to be perfectionistic, high expectations of selves and others
- worry about performance and people’s reactions
- seek reassurrance
- move away from thing causing anxiety (neg. rein)
- physical symp: nasueua, muscle tension headaches, perspire, heartrate
18
Q
What is separation anxiety disorder?
A
- separation from parents/ primary caregiver
- excessive age-inappropriate distress
- fantasize about reunion
19
Q
What is school anxiety?
A
- looks similar to sep. anxiety disroder but must figure out reinforcer
20
Q
What is specific phobia?
A
- extreme dsiabling fear about object or situation that poses little to no threat
- avoid the object/situation going to great lengths to do so
21
Q
What is social phobia?
A
- fear of social or performance requirements that expose them to scrutiny and possible embarrassment
- often don’t want to be focus of attnetnion
- anticipate awkwardenss and poor performance
22
Q
What is selective mutism?
A
- failure to speak in specific social situations where there is an expectation to do so
- may speak in other settings
23
Q
What is obsessive compulsive disorder? How are compulsions adaptive?
A
- obsess; persistent - at least 1 hr/day on the same thought
- “intrusive” thoughts - feels like they cant control it
- ex. contamination, hypermorality/perfection, need for order/balance/symmetry, do thing wrong way
- compulsion: voluntary, adaptive bc anxiety/bad thoughts go away after performing (neg. rein)
24
Q
How does biology play a role in anxiety’s etiology?
What do twin studies tell us?
A
- genetic “predispostion” (tendency) to have anxiety
- concordance rates: presence of a given trait in both members of a pair of twins
- higher concordance rates in identical twins over fraternal suggests genetic component
25
How does the environment contribute to anxiety's etiology?
- parents!
- model anxiety to children
- over-protective (prevent child from experiencing stressors)
- dont allow child to make decisions
- reinforce avoidant behaviors
26
What is habituation or desensitization?
- experience a stimulus over and over that brain no longer take the effort/energy to send the same message
27
What are the steps to desensitization?
- 1.) hierarchy list of fears
- 2.) muscle relaxation (can't be anxious if you're relaxed, gives kids a skill)
- 3.) pair 1& 2 (in vivo where the thing appears or imaginary)
28
What did the Baxter study conclude about CBT and anxiety?
- CBT helped lessen the activity in the part of the brain that works during anxiety instances
- looks at glucose levels
29
What is the Freudian/ Psychoanalytic perspective on childhood depression?
- 1970s
- kids cannot be depressed less than 14 yrs old bc superego doesnt develop til 12-14
- superego necessary for depression bc high morality, guilt, culture
30
What is the masked depression theory?
- cant see the depression, other behaviors mask underlying depression
- too all encompassing
31
What are the characteristics of Major Depressive Disorder MDD?
- 1.) sadness (more days than not for most of day)
- 2.) an hedonia (inability to expereicne pleasure with things that used to be fun)
- 3.) sleep problems (too much or too little)
- 4.) eating problems (too much or too little)
- 5.) thoughts of death (not necessarily suicide)
- 6.) problems with attention/concentrating
- 7.) thoughts of worthlessness (self-deprecating comments - not accurate)
- 8.) motor agitation
- 9.) fatigue
32
What are the differences between MDD and Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)?
- MDD: brief, very intense
| - Dysthymia: chronic (at least 1 yr), less intense, hopeless/helpless
33
What are the characteristics of Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder?
- chronic, severe, persistent irritability
- temper tantrums that are age-inappropriate and out f proportion
- bad mood
- happens in at least 2 different settings
34
What are the characteristics of nonsuicidal self-injury?
- intentional self-inflicted damage to the surface of the body
- no suicidal intent
- behavior interferes with functioning
35
What is the function of nonsuicidal self-injury?
- obtain relief from negative feeling or cognitive state
- resolve interpersonal conflict
- induce a positive feeling state
36
How do you establish rapport? (5)
- 1.) talk about whatever they want to talk about
- 2.) summary statements - shows that you're listening
- 3.) reflection - read behavior and say what they're feeling (ex. you look angry)
- 4.) don't ask yes/no questions (stops conversation)
- 5.) self-revelation - talk a little about yourself; form of modeling
37
Describe CBT. What does it address?
- primarily addresses behavior/thoughts of self-worthlessness
- helps to empower
- 1.) confront child with info that contradicts the inaccurate thought
- 2.) praise/reinforce accurate thoughts
38
Describe Problem Solving therapy. What does it address?
- targets hopeless/helpless thoughts
- 1.)describe the problem
- 2.) brainstorm solutions
- 3.) advantages/disadvantages of each solution, evaluate
4. ) pick a solution
- 5.) do solution
39
What are the reasons for the increased amount of suicidal behavior in teens?
- social media - correlation between smart phone use and depression - major factors were loss of sleep and cyberbullying
- opiod crisis - lost family members in opioid epidemic
- suicide is a contagion among children - media starting to glorify/glamourize suicide
