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exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

a set of tools/skills for evaluating all claims in an open-minded and careful fashion

A

critical thinking

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2
Q

repeat essence of a diff study

A

replication

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3
Q

general principles of how variables relate to one another

organization of concepts, facts, and behaviors about a part, topic, or concept

A

theories

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4
Q

important cycle in science

scientists collect data to test, change, or update their theories

A

theory-data cycle

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5
Q

H is hypothesized
is known as an educated guess
H1

A

research hypothesis

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6
Q

what should happen in a particular situation under certain conditions
prediction of hypothesis
comparing and contrasting the DV and IV

A

testable prediction

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7
Q

people in study

A

sample

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8
Q 
the pessimist
there is no relationship
its void
statistical theory tests this
H0
A

null hypothesis

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9
Q

assumption of people outside of study

A

population hypothesis

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10
Q

theory that wants to reject the null hypothesis

A

statistical theory

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11
Q

sets of observations

A

data

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12
Q

data that has to be picked up by at least one sense

A

observation

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13
Q

why is non-supporting equally important as supporting data?

A

can help refine study

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14
Q

what makes a good theory?

A

supported by data
falsifiable
precise

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15
Q

the idea of having mult researchers doing mult studies in diff locations, and they all have the same conclusion

A

principle of converging evidence

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16
Q

need to find evidence to debunk a theory to make it a good theory

A

falsifiable

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17
Q

if you have competing theories, the short theory is the best/stronger

A

parsimony

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18
Q

research done out of curiosity
usually winds up in our journals or data bases, but has no purpose
typical fields: learning, cognitive, dev, phys

A

basic research

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19
Q

research project that has an existing prob and we need a solution to it
typical fields: clinical, counseling, IO, education

A

applied research

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20
Q

another style of research; organization/company that wants to assess their program

A

program evaluation

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21
Q

may not have use at the time, but has use for another person’s research/answer

A

translational research

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22
Q

process when someone finishes a study, they have to have somebody look over it

A

peer review process

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23
Q

place to publish research reports
similar to writing lab reports
you have people pay others to publish reports or just publish for free

A

journals

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24
Q

your paper has been published by a panel of experts

usually a blind review of flaws and virtues to make it unbiased and the review just looks over grammar

A

peer review

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25
standardization of apa
``` title page abstract intro methods results discussion tables figures appendices ```
26
steps of scientific method
``` generate an idea create hypoothesis collect data analyze results distribute results ```
27
evidence of you having prior knowledge from observing people/things around you so you create personal theories
personal exp/anecdotal evidence
28
gut feeling | your own emotional reaction to things
intuition
29
what are the four scientific cycles
theory data basic applied research peer review journal to journalism
30
we base a lot of our judgments from things that come to mind
pop up principle (availability heuristic)
31
when you have your personal bias dispositions, you tend to pick stuff that support it
cherry-picking the evidence
32
only creating designs that support bias
confirmatory hypothesis testing
33
after collecting data, only reporting supporting data to confirm bias
confirmation bias
34
we are more confident in our assertions/correctness than our accuracy
overconfidence phenomenon
35
somebody you can count on to give you the right info/people to best of their knowledge to give you updated info
authority figure
36
sources that give updated info
authority info
37
find answers by collecting real world observations in a systematic fashion
empiricism
38
having a plan (step-by-step) and follow the steps in the experiment
structured/controlled observation
39
experiment that is kept in natural state
controlled
40
comparing exp group and controlled group together
comparison group
41
eliminate alt explanations
confounds
42
expected to explain most instances but not all
probability
43
meetings of some sort of organization
conferences
44
types of conferences
symposiums oral presentation poster presentation
45
types of journals
empirical | review
46
journal articles that has new collected data
empirical journal article
47
journal articles that are research proposals
review journal articles
48
people that are invited to add a chapter to a book | not peer reviewed, but the people are experts
edited book
49
what is the cautionary tale of finding internet sources
people can say whatever they want
50
guidelines to find reliable internet sources
people from big universities usually have actual research govt organizations credentials of author watch out for product ads
51
the idea that new research has to be connected to past research
connectivity principle
52
something that varies things you can tell diffs between people at least 2 levels.things can change in quality or quantity
variables
53
``` can be considered in categories, class variables independent variable ```
qualitative (categorical) variable
54
set of scores, measurement, things that can be counted | dependent variable
quantitative variable
55
rule of thumb about variables
if it's a label/name, it is qualitative
56
operations, techniques, or procedures the researcher uses to measure or manipulate variables
operational def
57
outcome of study measurement comes after manipulation effect
dependent variable
58
is the reason why we are doing the study treatment controlled by researcher cause
independent variable
59
type of claim about figuring out what's out there, observing used in observational studies, surveys, interviews, case studies weakest claim
frequency claim (descriptive research)
60
type of claim that starts talks about the relationship between 2 variables
association claim (prediction
61
claim of cause and effect, manipulates situation to cause something to happen used in experiments strongest claim
causal claim
62
how much probability would it take to claim causality
p<0.05
63
stating that the proposed causal variable comes first in time, before the proposed outcome variable
temporal precedence
64
when first event/IV happens then change in the second event/DV happens, if IV doesn't happen then the change never happened
covariation of the cause and effect
65
concise that it is measuring what is claims to measure
validity
66
a measure of how well a variable was measured or manipulated in study we try to measure things that don't exist
construct validity
67
describing broadly | take results from out study to explain about other people outside our study
external validity (generalization0
68
term for how well do your participants match population
participants representativeness
69
term for how well do out results extend to other results
variable rep.
70
HOW WELL THE STUDY MINIMIZES ERROS IN YOUR CONCLUSIONS | ALSO LOOKS AT EFFECT SIZE OR HOW STRONG IS THE ASSOCIATION/RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE VARIABLES.
statistical validity
71
WHETHER OR NOT YOU CAN MAKE A CAUSAL STATEMENT ABOUT YOUR VARIABLES. how well your IV are at manipulating the situation and how well you DV are at measuring the situation
internal validity
72
AFTER THE TEST IS CONSTRUCTED, WE ASK WHETHER IT APPEARS TO MEASURE, ON THE SURFACE (THE FACE OF IT) WHAT WE INTENDED IT TO MEASURE. least important
face validity
73
TEST IS CONSTRUCTED TO MEASURE WHETHER PARTICIPANTS MASTERED THE CONTENTS OF A COURSE, HAVE THE SYMPTOMS OF AN ILLNESS, HAVE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF INTELLIGENCE, ETC. DOES THE CONTENT OF THE TEST MATCH THE CONTENT WITHIN THE COURSE THAT IS BEING MEASURED?
content validity
74
having a written test and then play a game using proper rules
authentic assessment
75
YOU USE A SCORE TO PREDICT A FUTURE BEHAVIOR
predictive validity
76
YOU USE A SCORE TO PREDICT SOME BEHAVIOR THAT THE PERSON IS DOING RIGHT NOW
concurrent validity
77
MEASURES WHETHER A TEST PROVIDES MEASUREMENTS THAT ARE SIMILAR TO ANOTHER TEST ON THE SAME CONSTRUCT.
convergent validity
78
WHEN A MEASURE IS NOT RELATED TO THE VARIABLES IT SHOULD NOT BE RELATED TO.
discriminant validity
79
AGREEMENT ABOUT THE MEANING OF IMPORTANT TERMS.
reliability of communication
80
TO MAKE THINGS OPERATIONAL, WE WILL BE ASSIGNING NUMBERS TO THEM IN ACCORDANCE WITH A SET OF RULES.
measurement
81
ways to measure variables
use operational defs self-reporting measures observational or behavioral measures physiological measures
82
Scale that SOMETHING IS DISSIMILAR, DISTINCTIVE BETWEEN THE CASES.
difference
83
scale that CAN SAY THAT ONE THING IS BETTER OR WORSE THAN ANOTHER.
magnitude
84
ON A SCALE, THE DIFFERENCE OF 1 POINT IS THE SAME AT ALL POINTS ALONG THE DIMENSION.
equal intervals
85
A SCALE IN WHICH THERE IS A POINT WHERE NOTHING EXISTS.
true zero
86
ONLY THE DIFFERENCE PROPERTY APPLIES BECAUSE THESE ARE SIMPLY NAMES OR LABELS FOR SOMETHING. numbers are used for identification purposes qualitative variable
nominal
87
DIFFERENCE AND MAGNITUDE PROPERTIES APPLY BECAUSE THIS SCALE ALLOWS YOU TO RANK ORDER DIFFERENCES AND SHOW MAGNITUDE. ONE SCORE IS BETTER THAN ANOTHER BUT WE DO NOT KNOW HOW MUCH BETTER. quantitative variable
ordinal
88
DIFFERENCE, MAGNITUDE, AND EQUAL INTERVALS PROPERTIES APPLY. THIS ALLOWS YOU TO ADD AND SUBTRACT BECAUSE THE INTERVALS THROUGHOUT THE SCALE ARE EQUAL FROM ONE VALUE TO ANOTHER. THE DISTANCE BETWEEN POINTS ARE EQUAL ALL ALONG THE SCALE. quantitative
interval
89
DIFFERENCE, MAGNITUDE, EQUAL INTERVALS, AND TRUE ZERO | quantitative
ratio
90
consistency of measurement | stable measurement
reliability
91
giving the same exact test twice
test-retest reliability
92
you need enough of a gap where the person doesn’t remember their answers
time gap
93
giving 2 diff vers of the same test | if scores are the same in both vers, then it has high validity
alt forms
94
having several diff people evaluating a behavior all observations will match an observational study
interrater reliability
95
giving one test to participants scores are not independent you have to split the test in half in some way least favored
split-half reliability
96
levels of reliability?
correlation coefficient basic research applied research
97
looking at the relationship between data in a statistical procedure
correlation coefficient
98
what was calvin's project on?
bats
99
how reliable should applied and basic research be?
applied r>0.9 | basic r>0.8

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