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BIOL 1010 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the scientific method

A

The process of asking and finding answers to scientific questions

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2
Q

Name the steps of the scientific method

A
  1. Observation
  2. Question
  3. Hypothesis
  4. Experiment
  5. Control
  6. Results
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3
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

A proposed answer that is testable, predictive, and falsiable.

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4
Q

What is a controled experiment.

A

Experiment with and without control variables.

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5
Q

Why are there scientific errors?

A
  • Science estimates
  • Changes occur as technology improves
  • matter is not finite. It is fuzzy and wiggly
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6
Q

What is a theory?

A

Idea that is

  • Highly tested
  • Highly validated
  • Highly Predictive
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7
Q

What are the charecteristics of matter?

A
  • Occupies space
  • Has Mass
  • It’s Forms are interconvertible
  • Chemical changes
  • Conservation Principle
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8
Q

What questions cannot be answered by science?

A
  • Philisophical
  • Spiritual
  • Supernatural
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9
Q

What is a Chemical Element

A

Material which cannot be broken down or changed into another substance using chemical means

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10
Q

What are the Big 4 chemical Elements

A
  • Carbon C
  • Oxygen O
  • Nitrogen N
  • Hydrogen H
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11
Q

Other than the big 4, what are the othe chemical elements for organisms?

A
  • Phospherus P
  • Potassium K
  • Sulfur S
  • Sodium Na
  • Chlorine Cl
  • Calcium Ca
  • Iodine I
  • Iron Fe
    *
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12
Q

What is an atom?

A

Fundemental piece of matter.

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13
Q

What subatomic particles are located in the atomic nucleus?

A

The protons(positive) and neutrons(neutral).

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14
Q

What subatomic particles orbit the neucleus?

A

Electrons(negative).

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15
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

The total number of protons in a neutron.

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16
Q

What is the atomic mass?

A

The total mass of all the protons, neutrons and electrons of a single atom when at rest.

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17
Q

What is an isotope

A

An atom with the same number of protons, with differing number of neutrons

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18
Q

What is a neutral atom?

A

AN atom with the same number of protons, as number of electrons.

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19
Q

What is an ion?

A

An atom that has given up an elecrton.

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20
Q

Electrons are energetically most stable (“happy”) when in ______ in a shell.

A

Pairs

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21
Q

The innermost electron shell can only hold and is most stable when it has ____ e-

A

2

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22
Q

The outer electron shells are most stable when they have ____ e-

A

8

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23
Q

The chemical activity (reactions) of an atom is determined by _____________________.

A

It’s atomic number, and number of electrons.

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24
Q

What is a Molecule?

A

two or more atoms hooked together by chemical bonds(has to do with electrons)

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25
What are the three types of chemical bonds
* Covelant * Ionic * Hydrogen
26
What is the strongest chemical bond?
Covelant
27
What is the weakest chemical bond?
Hydrogen
28
Which type(s) of bond(s) involve sharing of electrons (technically, share pairs of electrons)?
Covelant
29
Polar and non-polar are types of _____________ bonds.
Ionic
30
How do polar and non-polar bonds differ?
A nonpolar bond does not have two opposite ends or poles and they occur when there is an equal sharing of electrons between two different atoms. ## Footnote A polar bond does have two opposite ends or poles and they occur when there is an unequal sharing of electrons between two different atoms
31
What is the significance of polar and non-polar molecules (e.g., which mix together, etc.)
Two polar and one nonpolar molecues will mix
32
Hydrogen bonds can form between\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
* 2 Poloar Molecules * 1 Polar Molecule and 1 NonPolar Molecule
33
What characteristics of water molecules that make water so important for living organisms?
High specific heat, density, high boiling point, and the single molecule H2O is very very small to cell membranes, it is the only polar molecule to diffuse through a cell membrane without active transport. the water is vital to living things because it can stay in your system longer and without it you may dehidrate that is why water is vital to living things
34
What are the definitions of neutral, acidic and basic solutions?
* h+ = oh- = 10^-7m Nuetr * h+\>oh- || h+ \> 10^-7- Acid * h+ \< oh- || h+ \< 10^-7m Basic Alkaline
35
What pH number(s) indicate neutral, acidic, or basic solutions?
*
  • = p7 == neutral
  • >p7 == basic
    •
    36
    what is a buffer?
    a solution containing either a weak acid and a conjugate base or a weak base and a conjugate acid, used to stabilize the pH of a liquid upon dilution.
    37
    What is the definition of “Inorganic Molecule?"
    Any molecule that is not considered organic, or not of biological origin.
    38
    Give some examples of inorganic molecules.
    * sodium chloride (NaCl) * carbon dioxide (CO2) * carbon monoxide CO * water * h2O
    39
    What is the definition of an organic molecule?
    A molecule that typically consists of carbon atoms in rings or long chains, where other atoms (e.g. hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen) are attached.
    40
    What are the four main types of organic molecules?
    * Carbohydrates * sugars * Proteins * amino acid * Lipids * steroid * Nucleic acids * DNA
    41
    What are the predominate atoms in the four major organic molecules?
    * Protein - Carbon * Carbs - Hydrogen *
    42
    what is the “technical” name for single sugars?
    monosachharides
    43
    What is the chemical formula for glucose?
    C6 H12 O6
    44
    what is the technical name for double sugars?
    disachharides
    45
    What are the two common double sugars mentioned in class?
    Sucrose, Lactose
    46
    A molecule made of many sugars is termed a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
    Polysacharide
    47
    What are the three main types of polysacharides?
    * Starch * Cellulos * glycogen
    48
    What are the three main types of lipids and what are their distinguishing characteristics?
    * Triglycerides * Phospholipids * Steroids
    49
    Which two contain glycerol? How many carbon atoms in one molecule of glycerol?
    * triglycerides * phospholipids
    50
    How many fatty acid molecules are in each triglyceride molecule?
    3
    51
    What is a phosphate group?
    Group consisting of a phosphorus atom attached to 4 oxygen, all with a negatuive charge. PO4-
    52
    Which type of lipid contains a phosphate group?
    Phospholipids
    53
    How many fatty acid molecules are in each phospholipid molecule?
    2
    54
    Steroids have a core of
    17 C atoms arranged in 4 rings.
    55
    What are some examples of steroids?
    * Cholesterol * Hormones
    56
    The two major classes of proteins are...
    * Structural * Functional
    57
    Proteins are made of smaller molecules called
    Amino Acids
    58
    How many types of amino acids are there?
    20
    59
    What is meant by “R” group
    side chain of an amino acid that determines what type of amino acid it is.
    60
    How are the atoms of an individual amino acid arranged?
    * Central Carbon group * Amino Group * Carboxyl Group * R Group
    61
    The chemical bond that holds these smaller molecules together in a chain is named...
    peptide bond
    62
    A chain of amino molecules is called
    polypeptides
    63
    A protein is formed by one or more
    polypeptide
    64
    What is meant by the primary structure of this chain ? What type of chemical bond holds the primary structure together?
    The sequence. Bonded by dehydration synthesis.
    65
    What is meant by the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure ? What type hat type of bonds usually hold these levels of structure together?
    The dimensions of shape of the polypeptide. Bonded by hydrogen bonds.
    66
    What three smaller types of molecules form a nucleotide?
    * ribose/deoxyribose * Phosphate group * Nitrogen base
    67
    What three main things do organisms do with nucleotides?
    * Store genetic info * enable cells to use information * Carries energy
    68
    Give an example of a larger molecule formed by nucleotides
    DNA deoxyribonecleic acid RNA ribonucleic acid
    69
    What is the cell theory
    * All living organisms are composed of cells * the cell is the smalles for of life * All cells come from preexistin, living cells
    70
    What are the three minimum general components of a cell?
    * Cell Membrane * Nucleus * Cytoplasm
    71
    What type of molecules form the plasma membrane?
    Phospholipids
    72
    How are the plasma membrane molecules arranged?
    Phospholipid bilayer wiht protein molecules
    73
    What are the main types of plasma membrane proteins as given in class?
    Receptor Proteins
    74
    What type of molecule forms the genetic code?
    protein
    75
    Most of the cytoplasmic metabolic “machinery” is formed by molecules of:

    BIOL 1010 (2 decks)

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