Exam 1 Flashcards
(392 cards)
1
Q
What does a lusitropic effect impact?
A
Rate of muscular relaxation
2
Q
What layer of the trachea has the BALT
A
Epithelia
3
Q
What receptor is associated with splanchnic sympathetics?
A
A-1 Adrenergic (constriction)
4
Q
What step of lung developement fucks up to cause unilateral agenesis?
A
Respiratory bud failing to split into R/L bronchial buds
5
Q
Where would you find mucigen granules?
A
Goblet cells’ apical cytoplasm
6
Q
You see lipofuscin granules around the nucleus of a cell. What type do you think it is?
A
Cardiac Muscle
7
Q
What structure causes tail folding?
A
Growth of the distal neural tube (SC primordium)
8
Q
What is the sequence of heart structures for electrical conduction?
A
SA Node, AV Node, AV Bundle, Bundle Branches, Purkinje
9
Q
What cells secrete lipoprotein for preventing lumenal adhesion?
A
Club Cells
10
Q
What kind of tissue is the endocardium?
A
Areolar CT with Endothelium
11
Q
What does SREBP do to cholesterol?
A
Transcription of LDL receptor (cholesterol Endocytosis)
12
Q
Where does the primordial of the tracheobronchial tree develop?
A
Caudal to the 4th Pharyngeal Pouches
13
Q
When can you find Definitive Hematopoietic cells in the AGM?
A
Day 27 - Day 40
14
Q
What wave is represented by ventricular depolarization?
A
QRS Complex
15
Q
What is the ST segment associated with?
A
Phase 2 (the plateau) - Calcium influx
16
Q
What rib has an insertion point for the Serratus Anterior m?
A
2nd Rib
17
Q
Where do the Vagus fibers arrive for lung innervation?
A
Nucleus Ambiguus
18
Q
What ions do cardiac glycosides act on?
A
Na (increased)
Ca (increased)
19
Q
What does the medial mammary A come off of?
A
Internal Thoracic A
20
Q
What is the origin of the celiac ganglion?
A
T5 - T9
21
Q
What are dense bodies made from
A
Desmin and Vimentin
22
Q
What is the target of ANF?
A
Kidneys
23
Q
What kind of mesoderm is the parietal wall derived from?
A
Somatic Mesoderm
24
Q
A fetus has oligohydramnios. What is the hallmark of this?
A
Insufficient amniotic fluid production to counteract pressure on fetus
25
What is the function of internal intercostals?
Exhaling
26
What rib has a groove for subclavian A and V?
1st Rib
27
What do you take to prevent CoQ10 deplete?
Squalene Synthesis Inhibitors
28
What is the formula of the Fick Principle of O2 Consumption?
[O2]pv - (CO x [O2]pa)
29
What endoderm part forms the hind-gut (descending colon / rectum)?
From the caudal eminence projecting over the cloacal membrane
30
Which intercostal nerves are atypical?
1 and 2
| 7-11
31
What type of joints are between vertebral bodies?
Symphysis
32
What type of joint is the Manubriosternal joint?
Symphesis
33
What type of target tissue has varicosities to bind neurotransmitters?
Smooth muscle
34
What type of joint is the costochondral joint?
Synchondrosis
35
What channels does calcium enter smooth muscle on the sarcolemma?
L-Type Voltage Gated
| Receptor activated
36
What are the only tissues found in alveoli?
Epithelium, smooth muscle, elastic fibers.
37
What causes happens to SREBP when you take a statin?
Translocates SREBP-SCAP complex to Golgi
38
What wave represents the pressure created as blood goes back to the heart but cant enter the ventricle?
V-Wave
39
What is at increased risk if a mother has a Rubella infection early on in pregnancy?
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
40
What secretes Renin?
Justaglomerular Apparatus
41
What do peaked T-waves represent?
Hyperkalemia
42
What does the Ductus Venosus become after birth?
Ligamentum Venosum
43
Where do you find fenestrated capillaries?
Gallbladder, Kidney
44
What wave would you expect to be affected by cardiac tissue injury?
ST segment (shift)
45
What day does hematopoiesis and bv formation start?
Day 17
46
What are the sympathetics to the Coronary Arteries?
A1
47
What are the paired lateral visceral branches of the thoracic aorta?
Bronchial As
48
What is the cloaca?
Rudiment of urinary bladder / rectum
49
What three pairs of vessels do blood inflow to the primitive heart?
Vitelline Veins
Umbilical Veins
Common Cardinal Veins
50
What do the cartilages of the larynx come from?
Mesenchyme of PA 4 and 6
| NCC derived
51
What type of joint is the costovertebral joint?
Synovial Planar
52
What layer has the glands of the trachea?
Submucosa
53
What supplies blood to the tunica adventitia?
Vasa Vasorum
54
What significantly increases risk for pulmonary hypoplasia?
Oligoihydramnios under 26 weeks
55
What makes up bronchopulmonary segments?
Segmental bronchi and mesenchyme
56
When the laryngotracheal groove evaginates, what does it form?
Laryngtracheal Diverticulum (long bud)
57
What effect type do cardiac glycosides have on the heart?
Positive Inotropic Effect
58
What forms the ct, cartilage, smooth muscles surrounding the foregut?
Splanchnic Mesoderm (from lateral plate)
59
What is the orientation of external intercostals?
Down and In
60
What is the positive staircase effect?
Increased heart rate increases contractility
| Can lead to Post-Extrasystolic potentiation
61
What do you get with an obliterated Right and Left AA IV?
Interrupted Aortic Arch
62
What does the tracheoesophageal septum divide the cranial foregut into dorsally?
Primordial Oropharynx, Esophagus
63
What type of receptor is the sympathetic SA / AV innervation?
B1-Adrenergic
64
What is the embryonic derivative of tracheal epithelium and glands?
Endoderm
65
What is the building block of all isoprenoid synthesis?
IPP
66
Which rib has a tuberosity for the serrates anterior?
2
67
What does calcium use to exit smooth muscle?
SERCA
3Na Antiporter
Ca ATPase
68
What epithelium is alveolar stuff
Simple squamous
69
What is the end result of Renin Secretion?
Increased blood volume
70
What is the main difference in the Phase 0 of Fast vs Slow Action Potentials?
Slow APs depolarize mainly by calcium influx rather than Na
71
What do Statins Primarily Act On?
Competitively Inhibit HMG CoA Reductase
72
What does the C-Wave represent?
Pressure from Isovolumetric Contraction in the Ventricles
| bulging of wall back into the atria
73
What is the timeline of canalicular lung development?
16 - 25 weeks (overlaps with pseudo glandular)
74
What forms the epithelium and glands of the larynx / trachea / bronchi?
Endoderm of the Laryngotracheal groove
75
A Patient has Cyanosis, Breathlessness, murmur with poor weight gain later on. What is the cause of the disease?
Not enough AV Septum shift or Cardiac Looping
| double outlet right ventricle
76
Lead I is Positive, AVF is negative. What is this?
LAD
77
What is the excitatory effect of b-AR activation?
Phosphorylation of Phospholamban
78
What divides the lateral mesoderm into Somatic and Splanchnic (parietal and visceral) Layers?
Intraembryonic Coelom
79
What anastomosis forms the Left Brachiocephalic V?
Right and Left Anterior Cardinal Veins
80
What is the role of Nodal cardiocytes?
Initiate and relay electrical signals
81
What effect does the latch mechanism have on smooth muscle?
Increases time of contraction
82
what is the timeline of pseudo glandular lung development?
5 - 17 weeks
83
Pt has a failure of conotruncal ridges to spiral. What is this?
Transposition of great vessels
| Cyanotic, needs surgery
84
What does visceroatrial heterotaxia look like?
Right heart / Normal GI
| Left heart / Right GI
85
What makes the third heart sound?
Blood rushing into the ventricle during the rapid filling phase
86
What heart defect has and overriding aorta, pulmonary stenosis, a ventricular septal defect, and right ventricular hypertrophy?
Tetrology of Fallot
87
What does the lateral mammary A come off of?
Lateral Thoracic A
88
What innervates the Aortic sinus?
Vagus N
| Aortic N
89
What makes the first heart sound?
Mitral and Tricuspid (AVs) valve Closure (ejection)
| Blood entering atria hits the closed valves
90
What are the skeletal muscle sympathetic receptors?
A1
| B2
91
Why might the Superior Vena Cava drain into the heart via the Coronary Sinus?
Abnormal Anterior Cardinal Vein Development
92
What does ACAT do?
Esterifies Cholesterol
93
What layer of the trachea is the trachealis m.?
Adventitia
94
What do you think when you see a PR interval greater than 0.2 seconds?
AV Block (prolonged SA to AV conduction)
95
What does the dorsal mesocardium become in the adult?
Transverse Sinus
| Proepicardial organ
96
In which heart defect does blood from the aorta get sucked into the pulmonary artery?
Patent Ductus Arteriosis
97
Where can you find definitive hematopoietic cells?
Aortic Gonadal Mesonephric (AGM) Region
98
What ions are affected by a negative inotropic effect of the atria?
Ca++ decreased inward
| K+ increased outward by Ach
99
What do laryngeal muscles develop from?
PA 4 and 6
100
What two things are missing in the case of Abetalipoproteinemia?
ApoB-48
| ApoB-100
101
Where is the defect in an infant with protruding viscera?
Gastroschisis: Right of the umbilical cord
102
What are the cerebral and coronary sympathetic receptors?
A-1 Adrenergic (protective constriction)
103
What lung element has not formed in the pseudoglandular stage of lung development?
Those involved with gas exchange (fetus cannot survive)
| ex. Primitive alveoli, sacs, bronchioles
104
What causes Gastroschisis?
Improper merging of lateral folds
| Causes protrusion of viscera
105
What kind of epithelium is the Epicardium (visceral serous pericardium)?
Simple Squamous with Areolar CT and Fat
106
What pressure value can be thought of as Afterload?
Pressure required to open the aortic valve
107
What is the typical cardiac output?
5 L/min
108
What veins do the vitelline veins contribute to?
Portal Vein
Mesenterics
Splenic
109
Lead I and AVF are both positive. What does this mean?
Normal Mean Electrical Axis
110
What Leads area is supplied by the Anterior Interventricular artery?
Anterior wall
111
What produces surfactant for the lungs?
Type II alveolar cells
112
What provides ANS innervation to the tunica adventitia?
Nervi Vasorum
113
How do you treat laryngeal atresia?
Endoscopic dilation of laryngeal web
114
What is a deficiency in Apo-C II or Capillary lipoprotein lipase?
Type I Hyperlipoproteinemia
| aka Familial Hyperchylomicronemia
115
What is the number that indicates transition from laminar to turbulent flow?
2000
116
What does the respiratory bud come from?
Distal end of the laryngotracheal diverticulum
117
What three conditions are a L-R shunt?
ASD, VSD, PDA
118
What makes the fourth heart sound?
Little bit of blood squeezed into the ventricle during atrial contraction
119
What leads are asssociated with the Inferior wall?
II, III, AVF
| V3R - V6R
120
What do visceral and parietal pleura come from?
Splanchnic (visceral pleura) lateral plate mesoderm
| Somatic (parietal Pleura) lateral plate mesoderm
121
What is the main difference in the Phase 1 of Fast vs Slow Action Potentials?
Slow don't even have a phase 1 or 2 lol
122
What is the origin of sympathetic innervation to the lower airways?
T1 - T5
123
What are the paired segmental parietal branches of the thoracic aorta?
Posterior Intercostal A
| Subcostal A
124
What is the origin of upper airway parasympathetics?
Trigeminal nerve
| Sphenopalatine Ganglion
125
What does the aorticopulmonary septum divide?
Truncus Arteriosus into Aorta and Pulmonary Arteries
126
What leads are associated with anterior wall infarction?
V1 - V7
127
What is becks triad indicative of?
Cardiac Tamponade
128
In what stage are type I and II pneumocystis found in the lung?
Terminal Sac (24 weeks-birth)
129
What is the goal of ANF?
Decrease Na+ and H2O retention
130
Which ribs are false?
8-10
131
What do the Pleurocardial folds develop into?
Primitive Mediastinum
| Fibrous Pericardium
132
A patient has Down's Syndrome, Exercise Intolerance, and Pulmonary Hypertension. What could be causing this disease?
Failure of AV Septum fusion (Persistent AV Canal)
133
What are the sympathetic receptors of the veins?
A-1 Adrenergic (constriction)
A-2 Adrenergic (relaxation)
B-1 Adrenergic (relaxation)
134
What type of receptor is the parasympathetic cardiac innervation?
Cholinergic Muscarinic (M2/M3)
135
What foramen form the flutter valve of the atria before birth?
Foramen Secondum on Septum Primum
| Foramen ovale on Septum Secundum
136
What is the defining characteristic of alicyclic compounds?
Hydroxyl at C3
137
How does a negative chronotropic or dromotropic effect hyper-polarize the SA node?
Effluxes K+ via special Ach channels
138
What forms the hepatic sinusoids?
Vitelline Veins
139
What is the origin of the last splanchnic nerve?
T12
140
When does the respiratory bud form the laryngotracheal diverticulum?
Week 4
141
What is the cardiac output formula?
(Pa - Pv) / TPR
142
What regulates the branching pattern of the lung?
Splanchnic Mesenchyme
143
What do the superior and lateral costotransverse ligaments connect?
Lateral: Tubercle of the rib to the transverse process
Superior: Neck of rib to transverse process one up
144
What wave represents Ventricular Repolarization?
T wave
145
What causes looping defects like heterotaxia?
Failure of splanchnic mesoderm to proliferate at the ends of the rupturing dorsal mesocardium (lengthening) for the second heart field.
146
What does ApoA-I do?
Activates enzyme that esterifies cholesterol
| Its on HDLs
147
When do the pericardial cavity and pleural cavities separate?
Week 7
148
When does the Yolk Sac Mesoderm do hematopoiesis?
Day 17 - 60
149
What is the origin of coronary artery sympathetics?
T1 - T5
150
A Patient has elevated cTnT, what disease could mislead you to thinking its a MI?
Renal Failure
151
What are the sympathetics to the pulmonary arteries?
A1
B1
B2
152
What brain stem region does Parasympathetic stuff with baroreceptors?
dorsal motor Vagus
| nucleus Ambiguus
153
What is the hypo pharyngeal eminence derived from?
Mesenchyme of PA 3 and 4
154
What structure allows blood to bypass the sinusoidal plexus of the liver?
Ductus Venosus
155
What is the rate limiting enzyme of cholesterol biosynthesis?
HMG CoA Reductase
156
What type of joint is the zygopophyseal joint?
Planar Synovial
157
What is special about the endocardium in the ventricles?
Has Subendocardial layer
158
What does the tracheoesophageal septum divide the cranial foregut into ventrally?
Laryngotracheal tube
159
What is the inhibitory effect of b-AR activation?
Phosphorylation of troponin I
160
What does an Inotropic effect impact?
Strength of muscular contraction
161
Where would you expect to find pericytes?
Tunica intimate of Post-Capillary Venules
162
What is the the embryonic derivative of tracheal cartilages, CT, and muscle?
Splanchnic mesenchyme
163
What are the sympathetic receptors in the ventricular myocytes?
B1 (always)
| B2 sometimes
164
What embryological structure is the start of the respiratory system?
Laryngo-treacheal Groove
165
Which part of the rib separates and which part dislocates?
Dislocates on the sternum / cartilage part
| Separates on the rib / cartilage part
166
What costal cartilages form the boundary of the inferior thoracic aperture?
7 - 10
167
What are the unpaired visceral branches of the thoracic aorta?
Mediastinal A
Esophageal A
Pericardial A
168
What is the origin of splanchnic sympathetic innervation?
T5 - L2 (celiac and both mesentery ganglia)
169
What type of tissue is the cardiac skeleton?
Dense Irregular CT in endocardium
170
What stage of the respiratory tract discontinues the cartilage plates?
Bronchioles
171
A patient has a L. posterolateral defect, with viscera bulging into the pleural cavity. What do we think?
CDH: Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
| Slight increase in amniotic fluid
172
What is the embryological origin of the Left Subclavian A?
7th Intersegental A
173
Where does the articular facet of a typical rib's tubercle articulate?
Transverse Costal Facets on the thoracic vertebrae
174
A pt has elevated troponin, CK, CK/MB. No ST elevation. What do we think?
NSTEMI
175
Lead I is negative and AVF is Positive. What is this?
Rad
176
What do you call it when you use a balloon to flatten a plaque in the coronary artery?
Coronary Angioplasty
177
What is the orientation of internal intercostals?
Down and Out
178
What ligaments are associated with the sternocostal joint?
Anterior and posterior Radiate Sternocostal L. (2-7)
179
What is the origin of the greater splanchnic nerve?
T5 - T9
180
What is at increased risk in patients with turners syndrome?
Coarctation of the Aorta
181
Wen does embryonic head folding start?
Week 4 / Day 22
182
What classification is the interchondral joint?
Planar synovial from ribs 6-9
| Fibrous between 9-10
183
Where does the external carotid artery come from (embryologically)?
Sprouts from Aortic Arch III
184
What sets of ribs are atypical?
1 - 2
| 10 - 12
185
A newborn cannot swallow, is drooling, regurgitates food. What do we think?
Tracheoesophageal Fistula
186
What forms upon recanalization of the larynx?
Laryngeal Ventricles, bounded by vocal and vestibular folds (or if it doesn't, you get laryngeal atresia.)
187
What muscles tug on the chordae tendonae of the tricuspid valve?
Ant / Post / Septal Papillary m.
188
What is the ligamentum arteriosum?
Remnant of Ductus Arteriosus
189
What is the formula for minute work?
CO x aortic pressure
190
What CAMs are found in the transverse (perpendicular) region of cardiocytes?
Fascia Adherens
| Desmosomes
191
What brain stem region coordinates peripheral signals associated with baroreceptors?
Nucleus Solitarius
192
How are congenital lung cysts formed?
Dilation of terminal bronchi
193
What causes Tangier Disease?
Mutation in ABCA1 leading to deficient Cholesterol transport by HDL
194
What forms when myoblasts grow into the dorsal mesentery?
the Crura of the Diaphragm
195
What does the Foramen Ovalis do?
In infants, it allows blood to flow from R atrium to L atrium
196
What are the two main Embryo components of the Right Subclavian Artery?
```
AA IV (Proximally)
R 7th Dorsal Intersegmental A (distally)
```
197
An infant has CHAOS syndrome, dilated airways, ascites, and enlarged lungs. What is the Dx?
Laryngeal Atresia
198
A newborn has a tracheoesophageal fistula. How did this happen?
Foregut endoderm didn't proliferate fast enough compared to the rest of the embryo
199
What embryonic structure houses the Cardinal Veins, Future Phrenic N, and myoblasts destined to become diaphragm?
Pleuropericardial Membranes
200
What is typical stroke volume?
70mL
201
What is the timeline of the Terminal Sac stage of lung maturation?
24 weeks - birth
202
What do the Pleuroperitoneal Membranes become?
Primordial Diaphragm
203
What is the typical ejection fraction?
55%
204
A baby has an Ostium I Defect / Low Atrial Septal Defect. What has caused this?
Failure of AV cushion tissue to grow upward
| Failure of DMP to fill in foramen primum
205
What is Area does the RCA supply?
Inferior wall
206
What wave would you expect to be affected by ischemia?
T Wave (inverted)
207
Which folds are superior and inferior to the developing lungs?
Pleuropericardial folds are superior to lungs
| Pleuroperitoneal folds are inferior to lungs
208
What type of joint is the 1st Sternocostal joint?
Synchondrosis
209
What shapes are type I and II pneumocytes?
I: Squamous
II: Cuboidal / Rounded
210
What do you call a right-sided left ventricle?
Ventricular Inversion
| reverse cardiac looping
211
When does the tracheoesophageal septum form?
Week 5
212
What is the formula of stroke work (of L. Ventricle)?
Stroke Volume x Aortic Pressure
213
Between the pleuropericardial and pleuroperotineal folds, which is cranial and which is caudal?
PleuroperiCardial is Cranial
| PleuroPeritoneal is Caudal
214
What effect does stimulation during the SNP have on an AP?
Weaker
215
What produces the dicrotic notch?
Closing of the Aortic Valve
216
What conducts impulses to the papillary muscles?
Moderator Band (trabecular carnae)
217
What cells contain dense bodies?
Smooth Muscle
218
What is at increased risk with DiGeorge patients?
Interrupted Aortic Arch. It can kill you.
219
When is the laryngeal lumen re-Canalized, following occlusion by epithelium?
Week 10
220
What separates the respiratory and digestive tracts in a neonate?
Epiglottis
221
What innervates the carotid sinus?
Glossopharyngeal N
| Sinus N of Hering
222
What does A-2 Adrenergic receptor do?
Veinous relaxation
223
What does a Dromotropic effect impact?
Speed of conduction
| Phase 0 of Depolarization Slope
224
What is the epiglottis derived from?
Hypopharyngeal Eminence
225
What is the formula for flow?
Pressure gradient divided by resistance
226
What receptors allow calcium entry into smooth muscle on the SR?
InsP3
| Ryanodine
227
What type of joint is the Xiphisternal joint?
Synchondrosis
228
What does surfactant do in the lungs?
Reduces surface tension in alveoli
| Prevents collapse during respiration
229
Where are the transverse thoracic m.?
Pulling the costal cartilages down toward the sternum and xiphoid
230
When do the secondary bronchial buds form into tertiary?
Week 5
231
What combines to form the first heart field?
Endothelial Precursor Cells
| Intraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm
232
When do the first rhythmic contractions of the heart begin?
Day 22 (blood flow at day 24)
233
What receptor is directly associated with the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
B1
234
What nucleus does the baroreceptor reflex work through?
Nucleus Tractus Solitarius
235
What type of epithelium is atop the true vocal cords?
non-keratinized strat squamous
236
What does a Chronotropic Effect impact?
HR
| Phase 4 of Depolarization
237
What kind of tissue are the cartilaginous tracheal rings?
Hyaline cartilage
238
What valves are closed during ejection?
Mitral and Tricuspid
239
Excessive amniotic fluid because it cant enter the stomach / guts for absorption, nor be transferred for disposal by placenta. What is this.
Polyhydraminos
240
What is the origin of the lesser splanchnic nerve?
T10 - T11
241
What happens when SCAP binds to INSIG?
SREBP is retained in the ER membrane
242
What is the fate of Aortic Arch I?
Contributes to Maxillary A
243
What is the embryonic origin of the central tendon of the diaphragm?
Septum Transversum
244
What is the key difference between gastroschisis and an umbilical hernia?
Bowel is uncovered and floating in the amniotic fluid with Gastroschisis
245
What layer of heart histo contains coronary arteries?
Epicardium
246
What myocytes receive sympathetic innervation?
Ventricular (not atrial)
247
When does the alveolar stage of lung development take over?
32 weeks
248
What are the only tissues found in bronchioles?
Epithelium, Ciliated Cells, Smooth Muscle, Elastic Fibers
249
What structure allows surgeons to access the area posterior to the aorta / pulmonary trunk to clamp or insert the tubes of a bypass machine into them?
Transverse Pericardial Sinus
250
What is respiratory epithelium
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells
251
What does Aortic Arch III become?
Common and Internal Carotid A
252
What is the role of ApoB - 48?
Facilitates chylomicron transport
253
What are basal cells
Mitotically active stem cells
254
What is the purpose of Ductus Venosum in the fetus?
Circulation bypasses the liver
255
What stage of lung development introduces the alveolocapillary membrane?
Alveolar Stage (32 weeks - 8 years)
256
What do you call a partial reversal of the heart?
Situs ambiguous
257
What joint forms the boundary of the inferior thoracic aperture?
Xiphisternal
258
What chylomicron and VLDL component activates capillary LPL?
ApoC - II
259
What does the A-Wave represent?
Pressure from Atrial Contraction
260
What is the formula for Velocity of blood flow?
Flow (q) divided by area
261
What is the Splanchnic (visceral) Layer of the lateral mesoderm continuous with?
Extraembryonic mesoderm cowering Umbilical Vesicle
262
What are the components of the blood air barrier?
Type I pneumocytes, their basal lamina
| capillary endothelial cells
263
What protein is increased by statins?
SREBP
264
What wave is represented by atrial depolarization?
P Wave
265
What is the formula of the Fick Principle of Cardiac Output?
O2 Consumption / ([O2]pv - [O2]pa)
266
What causes Statin-Mediated Myopathy?
Depletion of CoQ10
267
What happens if the Ductus Arteriosus bursts its aneurism?
Hits L Recurrent Laryngeal N and Vagus N
268
What embryonic structure(s) form the embryonic gut?
Splanchnopleure (splanchnic mesoderm and endoderm)
269
What do the primary bronchial buds grow laterally into?
Pericardioperitoneal canals
270
What kind of mesoderm is the visceral wall derived from?
Splanchnic Mesoderm
271
What is the embryonic origin of the ligament teres hepatis?
Left Umbilical Vein
272
What effect is produced by b-AR activation?
Positive inotropic effect (sympathetic)
273
If an action potential is observed in smooth muscle, what type must it be?
Unitary
274
What are the three blood supplies to the breast?
Posterior Intercostal A
Internal Thoracic A
Lateral Thoracic A
275
There is no P-wave on the ECG. What does this mean?
Atrial Fibrillation
276
What are the components of becks triad?
Distant Heart Sounds
Jugular Distension
Hypotension
277
What is the origin of parasympathetic innervation to the lower airways?
Vagus N
278
What component is responsible for chylomicrons and VLDL uptake into the liver?
ApoE
279
What can a bicuspid aortic valve lead to over time?
Left ventricular hypertrophy
| Aortic aneurism
280
What is normal pulmonary pressure?
25 / 15
281
What is the origin of cardiac sympathetics and parasympathetics respectively?
T1 - T5
| Vagus N
282
What might a supernumerary rib affect?
Brachial Plexus and Subclavian A (thoracic outlet syndrome)
283
How would you treat a Patent Ductus Arteriosus?
Give Prostaglandin Inhibitors (indomethacin)
284
Where are club cells found?
Terminal Bronchioles
285
What type of joint are Sternocostals 2-7?
Planar Synovial
286
Why does an aberrant origin of R Subclavian A cause Dysphagia and Dyspnea?
It now has to cross over from the left to reach the arm, strangling the esophagus and trachea on its way
287
Permanent enlargement of the airspaces accompanied by destruction of alveolar walls. What is this?
Emphysema
288
What comes together to form the Ductus Venosus?
Left Umbilical Vein
| Right Hepatocardiac Channel
289
What suspends the caudal foregut, midgut, and hind gut?
the Dorsal Mesentery
290
What embryonic structure(s) form the body wall?
Somatopleure (somatic mesoderm and ectoderm)
291
What does pulmonary hypoplasia lead to?
Restriction of fetal thorax from uterine pressure
292
Which rib has a scalene tubercle?
1
293
When will you see hematopoiesis in the bone marrow?
10.5 weeks
294
What ligaments are associated with the costovertebral joint?
```
Radiate L (head of the rib to the vertebral body)
Intraarticular L (Head of rib to Intervertebral disc)
Articular Capsule
```
295
What is normal aortic pressure?
120 / 70
296
What is formed when the connection between the umbilical vesicle and midgut is reduced during lateral folding?
Omphaloenteric Duct
297
What are the sympathetics to the skin?
A1
298
Where does the L Posterior Intercostal V dump?
Upper Drains into the Accessory Hemiazygous V
| Lower into the Hemiazygos V
299
What is the function of external intercostals?
Inhaling
300
What is the formula for Mean Arterial Pressure?
CO x TPR
301
What are the stimulatory neurotransmitters of smooth muscle?
Angiotensin II
Vasopressin
Endothelin
302
What receptor types are associated with the pulmonary vasculature?
A-1 Adrenergic (constriction)
| B-1 and B-2 (dilation)
303
What are the only tissues found in bronchioles?
Epithelium, Ciliated Cells, Smooth Muscle, Elastic Fibers
304
What structure do the vena cava and coronary sinus empty into?
Sinus Venarum (in the R. Atrium)
305
What rib has an insertion point for the Anterior Scalene M.?
1st Rib
306
What is the order of branching in the bronchi?
```
Main
Lobar
Segmental
Conducting (bronchioles)
Terminal
Respiratory
Alveolar
```
307
When do you see Definitive Hematopoietic cells seeding the liver?
Day 30
| This is where they're first programmed, btw
308
When does the Right Recurrent Laryngeal Never get wrapped around the R subclavian A?
When AAVI loses its connection
309
What is our formula for Resistance to blood flow?
(8 x length x viscosity) / (pi x radius^4)
310
ST segment is elevated in two+ leads. What do you think?
STEMI
311
What are the sympathetic receptors to skeletal muscle blood sources?
A-1 Adrenergic (constriction)
| B-2 Adrenergic (dilation)
312
What does ApoB-100 do?
Uptake of LDL / HDL / VLDL into cells
313
When do new alveoli stop being added?
8 years
314
What happens when you get a blockage of the coronary artery?
Myocardial infarction
315
What tissue type are heart valves?
Fibroelastic CT core (lamina fibrosa) with endothelium
316
What principle prevents the AV node or bundle branches from generating their own APs?
Overdrive Suppression
317
What disease is the LDL receptor completely or partially defective?
Type IIa and IIb Hyperlipoproteinemia
| aka Familial Hypercholesterolemia
318
What kind of tissue is the Epicardium?
Dense Fibrocollagenous CT with Elastic Fibers and Mesothelium
319
What Aortic Arch does the Ligamentum Arteriosum come from?
VI
320
What comes from the Yolk Sac Mesoderm?
Early RBCs and Macrophages
321
Which layer of the serous pericardium is innermost?
Visceral (epicardium)
| Parietal layer is inner part of fibrous pericardium
322
What tissue type surrounds the parietal and visceral pleura?
Mesothelium
323
What is the formula for cardiac output?
Stroke Volume x HR
324
What overgrowth pushes the septum transversum, heart, and pericardial cavity ventrally and caudally?
Neural Folds projecting dorsally to overgrow the oropharyngeal membrane
325
What effect does the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic NS have on baroreceptor firing rate?
Sympathetic Decreases it
| Parasympathetic Increases it
326
What are the sympathetics and parasympathetics for for the upper respiratory system?
```
Facial N (sympathetic)
Trigeminal N (parasympathetic)
```
327
Where is the site of parasympathetic negative inotropic effect on cardiac output?
Atria
328
What is the origin of upper airway sympathetics?
Cervical Ganglia via the Facial Nerve
329
In what region of cardiocytes are gap (nexus) junctions found?
Longitudinal (parallel)
330
What cells do you find ANF in?
Myoendocrine Cardiocytes
331
What rib and thoracic vertebra level is the diaphragm?
12th Vertebra
| 11th and 12th Ribs
332
What separates the pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity?
PleuroPeritoneal Folds
333
What is the Somatic (parietal) Layer of the lateral mesoderm continuous with?
Extraembryonic mesoderm covering Amnion
334
Where can you find HMG CoA Reductase?
ER membrane
| Catalytic Domain in Cytosol
335
When do bronchopulmonary segments form?
Week 7
336
What is the biochemical "site" of atherosclerosis?
ApoB-100 failing to bind LDL receptors in the liver and muscle
337
What does the laryngotracheal diverticulum become?
Trachea and Primary Bronchial Buds (2)
338
Which lung has the cardiac notch?
Left
339
What part of the heart does all the work to make up for a hypo plastic left ventricle?
Right Ventricle
340
What does the PR interval mean?
Time it takes for the depolarization to pass from the ventricles to the atria via the AV node
341
What structure electrically insulates the atria from ventricles?
Fibrous Skeleton of heart
342
What is the role of sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers terminating in the heart nodes?
MODIFY rate of intrinsic contraction
343
What brain stem region does Sympathetic stuff with baroreceptors?
Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla
344
What forms the primary bronchial buds?
Respiratory Bud
345
Where does the Conus Arteriosus lead?
From the right ventricle to the pulmonary trunk
346
Both Lead I and AVF are Negative. What is this?
EXTREME RAD
347
Where does the primitive streak transition to after tail folding?
From cranial to cloacal membrane to caudal to cloacal membrane
348
How much IPP goes into a steroid backbone?
6
349
In hyperchylomicronemia, which deficiency manifests when?
LPL deficiency in infancty
| ApoC-II after adolescence
350
What leads are associated with the posterior wall?
V1 - V3
351
What can severe and chronic oligohydramnios cause?
Retarded lung development
352
Where is the Laryngotreacheal groove?
Inferior to the 4th Pharyngeal Arches
353
What heart defect pulls blood from both atria into the aorta and pulmonary artery simultaneously?
Persistant Truncus Arteriosus
354
What is associated with oligohydramnios?
Renal agenesis or failure
355
What is the fate of Aortic Arch II?
Contributes to Stapedial A
356
What valves are open during ejection?
Aortic and Pulmonic
357
What two neurotransmitters act to relax smooth muscle?
NO
| Adenosine
358
What are the sympathetic lower airway receptors?
B-2 (bronchial dilation)
359
When do early hematopoietic cells populate the developing liver?
Day 23
360
Where do you find discontinuous capillaries?
Marrow
Liver
Spleen
361
When the great vessels are transposed, how is gas exchanged?
Through ductus arteriosis
362
What cells make the "pacemaker" function of the heart?
Purkinje
363
What makes the second heart sound?
Aortic and Pulmonary valve Closure (diastole)
| Blood in the aorta and pulmonary A. hit the closed valves
364
What are cardiac cells like in the Supranormal Period?
More excitable
365
What does parasympathetic innervation of the lungs produce?
NO for relaxing already-constricted blood vessels
366
What structure becomes the anus?
Cloacal Membrane
367
What is the hepatocardiac channel formed from, and what does it contribute to?
From Right Vitelline Vein
| Contributes to Inferior Vena Cava
368
When the pericardioperitoneal canals expand and split the mesenchyme into inner and outer layers, what do each of them become?
Inner becomes Fibrous Pericardium (outer layer of sac)
| Outer becomes Thoracic Wall
369
What does the Dorsal Mesentery become?
Median portion of the diaphragm
370
When are intra and extra embryonic coeloms in communication?
After head folding
371
What wave would you expect to be affected by an infarction?
Q Wave
372
Where are you most likely to find myoendocrine cardiocytes?
Right Atrium
373
What is the formula for ejection fraction?
Stroke Volume divided by End Diastolic Volume
374
What forms the cloaca?
Terminal hind-gut dilation
| handout formed from caudal eminence projecting over cloacal membrane
375
What does the right common cardinal vein become?
Superior Vena Cava
376
What kind of Coarcation of the Aorta is worse, and why?
Preductal is way worse. It cannot establish collateral circulation like post-ductal can
377
What is ApoE not on?
LDLs
378
What layers of the heart is a cardiac tamponade?
Between the Serous Layers
379
What type of capillaries do endocrine glands have?
Fenestrated
380
What type of capillaries do exocrine glands have?
Continuous
381
What dx do you think of with a deviated mediastinum?
Tension pneumothorax
382
What dx do you think with a pulmonary meniscus sign?
Pleural Effusion
383
What do thrombocytes come from?
Megakaryocytes
384
What controls clotting?
TPO (thrombopoietin)
385
What does Aspirin act on?
Inhibits cyclooxygenase
386
What does cyclooxygenase do?
Generates Thromboxane A2 from Arachidonic Acid
387
How does Clopidogrel (Plavix) work?
Inhibits P2Y12 Receptors so theres no more platelet activation / aggregation
388
What is responsible for fibrin clot lysis?
Plasmin
389
What does Protein C do?
Shuts off t-PA inhibitor, so Plasmin can form
390
What effect would taking Fibrin have?
Inhibition of thrombin (anti-Coagulant)
391
What anti-coagulant is made by endothelial cells during vasodilation?
Prostacyclin (PGI2)
392
What mast cell product increases anti-thrombin efficacy?
Heparin
