Exam 1

Question 1

Define Disease

Answer 1

a pathological condition of the body that presents a group of symptoms peculiar to it and which sets the condition apart as an abnormal entity differing from other normal or pathological body states

Question 2

Define Pathology

Answer 2

study of the nature and cause of disease which involves changes in structure and function

Question 3

Define Pathologic

Answer 3

Diseased

Question 4

Define Pathogenesis

Answer 4

origination and development of disease

Question 5

Define Etiology

Answer 5

the study of the causes of disease

Question 6

Etiologic (agent)

Answer 6

pertaining to the cause of disease

Question 7

Epidemiology

Answer 7

science concerned with defining and explaining the interrelationships of factors that determine disease frequency and distribution (population medicine)

Question 8

Koch’s law

Answer 8

criterion used in proving an organism is the cause of a disease or lesion

Question 9

Immunology

Answer 9

study of immune function

Question 10

Immunity

Answer 10

body’s defense against disease

Question 11

Pathogen

Answer 11

a microorganism or substance capable of causing disease

Question 12

Parasite

Answer 12

an organism that lives within, upon, or at the expense of another organism, known as the host, without contributing to the survival of the host

Question 13

Saprophyte

Answer 13

living or growing in decaying or dead matter

Question 14

Commensal

Answer 14

one of two organisms which live in an intimate, non-parasitic relationship; symbiosis

Question 15

Zoonosis

Answer 15

a disease that is communicable between humans and animals under natural conditions

Question 16

Infectious diseases

Answer 16

diseases can be spread from one animal to another or acquired from the environment and involve a pathogenic agent

Question 17

Non-infectious diseases

Answer 17

diseases are caused by a variety of mechanisms, but do not involve a pathogenic agent

Question 18

What are 5 infectious agents

Answer 18

•Parasites 
Protozoa
•Bacteria 
Fungi
•Viruses

Question 19

What are 4 Non-infectious Disease

Answer 19

• Metabolic disturbances
• Nutritional imbalances
• Hormonal disturbances
• Inherited disorders

Question 20

How does geography and weather affect the occurrence and incidence of disease

Answer 20

Geographical- soil conditions, wet/dry; can dictate occurrence of certain diseases.
Deficient soils can result in deficient forages
Weather- frost on plants can lead to higher occurrence of bloat

Question 21

What are 4 modes of Transmission of Infectious Agents

Answer 21

• Sexual contact
• Excretions: Urine/feces
• Secretions: vaginal, rectal, lacrimal, nasal, mammary, salivary
• Parasites: Internal/External

Question 22

Describe how vectors are involved in disease transmission. List 2 common vectors in disease transmission

Answer 22

vectors are animals/insects that carry a disease and transmit it to animals usually through biting.
Ex: bats, ticks, mosquito

Question 23

List 3 ways infectious agents can be transmitted from a sick animal to a healthy animal

Answer 23

Horizontal
vertical
formites

Question 24

What is the difference between vertical and horizontal disease. Give and example each

Answer 24

Vertical- passed from parent to offspring ex: in-utero

Horizontal- passed from animal to animal ex: direct contact, nose-nose

Question 25

Prevalence

Answer 25

proportion of animals with the condition of interest at a given point in time

Question 26

Incidence

Answer 26

proportion of animals that develop the condition of interest during a defined time period. Number of new cases occurring in a given time period.

Question 27

Attack rate

Answer 27

proportion of a defined population developing the condition during an outbreak

Question 28

Bacteriostat

Answer 28

inhibits or retards bacterial growth

Question 29

Bacteriocide

Answer 29

kills bacteria

Question 30

Disinfectant

Answer 30

germicidal chemical that destroys microorganisms and the potential infectivity of a material

Question 31

Antiseptic

Answer 31

mild disinfect used on living tissue

Question 32

Sanitizer

Answer 32

disinfectant of low toxicity used to reduce microbial contamination of food handling equipment

Question 33

Sterilize

Answer 33

destroy all microorganisms; physical disinfection

Question 34

Discuss the "external defenses", of the skin and GI tract in preventing disease

Answer 34

Urinary tract- flushing | Skin- 1st barrier prevents bacteria or viruses from entering the body

Question 35

Innate Immunity

Answer 35

* Non-specific, most primitive * Phagocytosis, consisting of the phagocytic cells of the reticuloendothelial system (Macrophages); Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils * Does not alter with repeated exposure

Question 36

Adaptive Immunity

Answer 36

Specific, more sophisticated - Includes Lymphocytes, their progeny and their extracellular products - Improves with each successive exposure to the same pathogen (“Memory”)

Question 37

List 3 soluble mediator of immunity

Answer 37

antibody cytokines complement proteins

Question 38

Antigen

Answer 38

Any molecule that is recognized by the adaptive immune elements

Question 39

Antibody

Answer 39

produced in response to an antigen to counteract

Question 40

List 3 major events of inflammation ? What is "diapedesis"

Answer 40

-Increased blood supply of infected region -increased capillary permeability permitting larger than normal molecules to breach vessel wall -leukocytes migrate out of venules into surrounding tissue Diapedesis: swelling of both feet

Question 41

Antitoxins

Answer 41

Passive immunization, Immediately protective horse or sheep derived serum Ab, e.g. C. perfringens CD, tetanus;

Question 42

Toxoid

Answer 42

Inactiviated bacterial toxin, e.g. Clostridium tetani

Question 43

List 2 properties of modified live virus (MLV) vaccine

Answer 43

less boosters | better/quicker protections

Question 44

Give 2 examples of why a vaccine might fail to provide protective immunity

Answer 44

denatured vaccine | the animal is already infected with the pathogen

Question 45

Why do some vaccines require a booster

Answer 45

killed vaccines don't have as strong of immunity so after some time a booster is needed because it wears off

Question 46

What is the difference between killed and MLV

Answer 46

MLV: Can induce disease (reversion to virulence), Depressed T-cell function in pregnant animals Killed: Does not cause disease, Safe in pregnant animals

Question 47

Passive vs. Adaptive Immunity

Answer 47

Passive: Results from the transfer of Antibodies from one individual to another Pros: Immediate protection against cell-free infections and toxins Cons: Short-lived, Expensive Adaptive: Killed, attenuated, live, modified live vaccines are all capable of conferring active immunity

Question 48

List 4 important considerations before vaccinating an animal

Answer 48

Pregnancy status quality of product colostal interference state and federal regulations

Question 49

List 3 reasons why administering a vaccine to an animal may fail to produce a protective immune response in that animal

Answer 49

administering it with the wrong method (SM, IM) administering in the wrong location on the body administering the correct amount

Question 50

Identify: IM, SQ, PO, IN

Answer 50

IM: intramuscular, given under the muscle SQ: subcutaneous, given under the skin PO: by mouth, given orally IN: intranasal, given through the nose

Question 51

List the four routes of access pathogens can enter the body and cause disease in an animal

Answer 51

urogenital oral nasal eyes

Question 52

Incubation Period

Answer 52

time between the time length of the agent into the body and when the symptoms show signs

Question 53

Besides proper nutrition, list 2 other predisposing causes of animal diseases

Answer 53

Age | Stress

Question 54

List 3 ways pathogens can enter the body of our livestock animals and cause disease

Answer 54

contact- skin in utero airborne- respiratory