Exam #1

Question 1

Skeletal muscular system

Answer 1

Framework for muscles to act

Question 2

Cardiovascular and respiratory systems

Answer 2

Nutrients carried to cells (O2) and removal of wastes (CO2)

Question 3

Skin

Answer 3

Maintenance of body temp - sweating

Question 4

Urinary system

Answer 4

Fluid and electrolyte balance (sodium, potassium)

Question 5

Nervous system

Answer 5

Coordinate signals of all systems (brain to muscles)

Question 6

Ligament

Answer 6

bone to bone

Question 7

Tendon

Answer 7

Bone to muscle

Question 8

Exercise physiology

Answer 8

studies body functions, adaptations, and changes as

the result of stress of exercise and training

Question 9

5 properties of muscle

Answer 9

1. Stimulated by Nerve Impulses
   o Capable of receiving stimulation from nerves and responding
2. Contractible
   o After receiving stimulation, they contract & produce force
3. Extensible
   o Can be stretched during the application of force
4. Elastic
   o Muscle can return to its original shape after contracting or lengthening
5. Adaptable
   o Muscle can be changed or altered (Hypertrophy or Atrophy)

Question 10

5 types of muscle movements

Answer 10

1. Adduction
   o Moving of a body part toward the midline of the body
2. Abduction
   o Moving of a body part away from the body
3. Flexion
   o Bending a joint to decrease the angle of the joint
4. Extension
   o Straightening a joint to increase the angle of the joint
5. Rotation
   o Moving a body part around an axis

Question 11

3 types of muscle

Answer 11

1. Smooth
   o Involuntary muscle (not under conscious control)
   o In walls of blood vessels and organs (digestive or respiratory system)
2. Cardiac
   o Found only in the heart (controls itself)
3. Skeletal *
   o Voluntary – conscious effort or decision to make them move
   o Attached to and move the skeleton (muscle to bone via ‘tendons’)

Question 12

Human body contains over ___ muscles

Answer 12

600

Question 13

Outer tissue =

Answer 13

Epimysium

Question 14

Inner tissue =

Answer 14

Fascicles

Question 15

Inside fascicles =

Answer 15

Muscle fiber

Question 16

Each fibre has a ____ ____ ____

Answer 16

Single motor nerve

Question 17

____ _____ ____ _____ to the muscle fibres

Answer 17

Motor nerves send signals

Question 18

Motor nerve impulses come from the _____ _ ____ ____

Answer 18

Brain or spinal cord

Question 19

When an impulse arrives, ____ _____ ______ _____

Answer 19

Nerve endings secrete a chemical

Question 20

An ____ _____ is transmitted down the muscle fibre

Answer 20

Electrical charge

Question 21

Muscle fibres are made up of hundreds or thousands of _____

Answer 21

Myofibrils

When sarcomeres contract… muscle contracts producing force

Question 22

Myofibrils are divided into ______

Answer 22

Sarcomeres

Question 23

Sacromeres are made up of ___ ________… _____ & ______

Answer 23

Two filaments

Actin and myosin

Question 24

Muscles need ___ in order to contract?

Answer 24

ATP - adenosine tri-phosphate

Question 25

Myosin stands grab ATP, which does what?

Answer 25

Breaks down ADP and a phosphate

Question 26

Hardest on muscles is what type of training?

Answer 26

Eccentric

Question 27

2 types of muscle fibres

Answer 27

1. Slow Twitch o Take 110 miliseconds to reach peak tension 2. Fast Twitch o Take 50 miliseconds to reach peak tension

Question 28

What happens when ST neurons are fired?

Answer 28

far LESS muscle fibers are activated  ST fibers produce less force (sub-maximal movements)  Aerobic exercise… walking, jogging, biking, swimming

Question 29

What happens when FT neurons are fired?

Answer 29

far MORE muscle fibers are activated  FT fibers produce more force (explosive movements)  Anaerobic exercise… jumping, sprinting, throwing

Question 30

Muscles are __% FT and __% ST fibers

Answer 30

50 and 50

Question 31

ST and FT msucles fibers are determined by?

Answer 31

Genes | We tend to specialize in one more than the other

Question 32

Example of FT and ST muscle fibres in athletes:

Answer 32

World class sprinters = 75% Ft fibers in lower leg muscles World Class Endurance Runners = 95% ST fibers in lower leg muscles

Question 33

Our bodies prime movers are?

Answer 33

The agonists - produce the force | Biceps

Question 34

Our bodies opposing movers are?

Answer 34

``` The Antagonists ( protective role... the brakes) Triceps ```

Question 35

Our bodies muscles that assist the prime movers:

Answer 35

Synergists | Brachioradiallis

Question 36

What are the three types of muscle actions?

Answer 36

Eccentric - lengthening Isomentric - static or still Concentric - shortening

Question 37

Size of the muscle number and type of motor units activated (ST & FT)

Answer 37

Larger generally means more fibres = more capability | More FT = more force

Question 38

What is the optimal joint angle?

Answer 38

Optimal angle of a joint for force production is 100 degrees

Question 39

Muscles length when activated

Answer 39

A ‘stretched’ muscle… think of an elastic band… generates more force than a relaxed one

Question 40

Maximal force for concentric and eccentric movement

Answer 40

Maximal force for ‘concentric’ movements is slower (squat or bench press) Maximal force for ‘eccentric’ movements requires speed (plyometrics)