Exam 1 Flashcards
(94 cards)
1
Q
Newborn awake HR
A
100-180
2
Q
At what point does exercise HR go from less than or equal to 220 to less than or equal to 200?
A
3 months - 2 years
3
Q
define growth
A
a physiologic increase in size through cell multiplication or differentiation
4
Q
What are examples of growth?
A
weight, height, head circumference
5
Q
define development
A
physiological, psychosocial, and cognitive, changes occurring over one’s life span.
–> leads to new activities and behavior patterns
6
Q
what are examples of development?
A
rolls over, starts crawling
7
Q
What is the age range for an infant?
A
birth-1 year
8
Q
What is the age range for a toddler?
A
1-3 years
9
Q
What is the age range for a preschooler?
A
3-6 years
10
Q
What is the age range for a school age child?
A
6-12 years
11
Q
What is the age range for an adolescent?
A
12-19 years or older
12
Q
What are the 6 principles of growth & development?
A
- Development is orderly and sequential
- Development is directional
- Development is unique
- Development is interrelated
- Development becomes increasingly differentiated
- New skills predominate
13
Q
Who is responsible for the psychosexual theory?
A
freud
14
Q
Who is responsible for the psychosocial theory?
A
Erikson
15
Q
Who is responsible for the cognitive development theory?
A
Piaget
16
Q
Who is responsible for the moral development theory?
A
Kholberg
17
Q
What are the 3 components of Freud’s theory?
A
- ID
- Ego
- Superego
18
Q
What is the ID?
A
unconscious mind, instinct
19
Q
What is the ego?
A
conscious mind, self
20
Q
What is the superego?
A
conscious - moral
21
Q
What are Freud’s 5 stages?
A
- Oral
- Anal
- Phallic
- Latent
- Genital
22
Q
What is the age range for the oral stage? What is the major source of pleasure during this stage?
A
a. birth - 1 year.
b. Major source of pleasure is centered on oral activities - sucking, biting, and chewing
23
Q
What is the age range of the anal stage? What is the major interest during this stage?
A
a. 1 - 3 years
b. Interest centers on anal region as sphincter muscles develop
24
Q
What is the age range for the phallic stage? What is the major interest during this stage?
A
a. 3 - 6 years
b. Interest centers around the genitals.
25
What do children recognize during the phallic stage?
the difference between the sexes. They take on roles such as baking and playing with cars
26
What is the age range for the latent stage? What is the major interest during this stage?
a. 6-12 years
| b. Interest is centered on gaining knowledge and on play
27
What is the age range for the genital stage? What is the major interest during this stage?
a. 12- up
| b. Maturation of reproductive system - major interest is with relationships and friendships
28
What are Erikson's 5 psychosocial stages? With ages?
a. Trust vs. mistrust (birth-1 year)
b. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (1-3)
c. Initiative vs. guilt (3-6)
d. Industry vs. inferiority (6-12)
e. Identity vs. role confusion (12-18)
29
What happens during the trust vs. mistrust stage?
establishment of trust in response to basic needs - feeding and crying
30
What happens during the autonomy vs. shame stage?
centered on increased ability to control their bodies, themselves, and their environment. ME DO, toilet training and walking.
31
What happens during the initiative vs. guilt stage?
Interest centers on exploration of the world. DEVELOPS CONSCIENCE. Dressing themselves.
32
What happens during the industry vs. inferiority stage?
Interest centers on tasks. Learn to rules and learn to cooperate.
33
What happens during the identity vs. role confusion stage?
Rapid and marked physical changes. Preoccupied with self and appearance. PEERS have a large influence.
i.e. someone with a chronic illness who looks different might feel self-conscious
34
What are Piaget's 4 cognitive development stages? Age range?
1. sensorimotor (birth - 2 years)
2. Preoperational (2 - 7 years)
3. Concrete operations (7-11 years)
4. Formal operations (11-15 years)
35
What is the sensorimotor stage governed by?
governed by sensations in which simple learning takes place
36
What 2 things develop during the sensorimotor stage?
1. sense of cause and effect
| 2. object permanence
37
What is the preoperational stage characterized by?
characterized by egocentrism, unable to put oneself in another's place
38
What is the thinking like in the preoperational stage?
concrete and tangible and cannot reason beyond the OBSERVABLE
39
What is thought like in the concrete operations stage?
1. logical and coherent
40
What are children in the concrete operations stage able to do?
problem solve
41
What is the thinking like in the formal operations stage?
adaptable and flexible. Can think in abstract terms and can draw conclusions.
42
What are the 3 stages of Kohlberg's moral development theory? Age ranges?
1. Preconventional level (1-6 years)
2. Conventional level (6-12 years)
3. Post conventional (12-18 years)
43
What do kids 1-3 years of age in the preconventional level of Kohlberg's stages understand?
Understand the concept of good and bad, and they obey to avoid punishment.
44
What do kids 3-6 years of age in the preconventional level of Kohlberg's stages understand?
Understand the concept of right behavior
45
What do kids in the conventional level of Kohlberg's stages do? What are they concerned with?
1. obey the rules
| 2. concerned with loyalty and conformity. Try to be nice
46
What do kids in the post-conventional level of Kohlberg's stages do? What are they guided by?
1. formal operations
| 2. Guided by society to develop ethics
47
How does height change within the 1st year of life?
increase by 1 ft during fist year of life
48
How does weight change within the first year of life?
1. doubles by 6 months
| 2. triples by 1 year
49
How does the head circumference change within the 1st year of life?
grows to chest circumference by 1st year
50
Define gross motor skills. Give examples
able to use large muscle groups to maintain balance and for locomotion. i.e. crawling and walking
51
define fine motor skills. Give examples
able to coordinate hand-to-eye movements in an orderly manner. i.e. holding bottle, pinky
52
What are gross motor skills for infants?
hand control, rolling over, sitting, and crawling
53
What are gross motor skills for toddlers?
walking, jumping.
54
What are gross motor skills for pre-schoolers?
riding a tricycle, skipping, and jumping rope
55
What are gross motor skills for school age?
organized sports
56
What are fine motor skills for infants?
hold a bottle and hanging objects
57
What are fine motor skills for toddlers?
throw a ball overhand, build towers, and grasp small object
58
What are fine motor skills for pre-schoolers?
drawing and dressing
59
What are fine motor skills for school age?
cursive
60
What 3 development theories apply to infants?
1. Piaget's sensorimotor stage
2. Erikson's trust vs. mistrust
3. Freud's oral stage
61
What are 3 priorities for educating parents who have infants?
1. PREVENT INJURY
2. stranger and separation anxiety
3. teeth eruption starts at age 6-8 months
62
What is the first form of communication for infants?
crying
63
What 4 development theories apply to toddlers?
1. Freud's: phallic and anal
2. Erikson's: initiative vs. guilt, autonomy vs. shame & doubt
3. Piaget: preoperational stage, sensorimotor, preconceptual phase
4. Kohlberg: preconventional stage, RITUAL (Blankets)
64
What is 1 major growth and development thing that happens in toddlers?
decreased appetite
65
What are 3 things to educate parents on for toddlers?
1. temper tantrums
2. toilet training
3. negativity NO
66
What are 2 development milestones for toddlers?
1. can unless self: 1-2 years
| 2. walks alone 12 months-14 months
67
What slows? What matures for a pre-schooler?
1. physical growth
| 2. body systems - can ride a bike and run
68
What are 5 things to educate parents on for pre-schoolers?
1. nightmares and night terrors - reassure
2. diversion of aggressive behavior - biting
3. set limits
4. readiness for pre-school and kindergarten
5. should start routine dental visits at 3 years
69
What are 3 things pre-schoolers can do?
1. throw a ball overhand
2. climb well
3. button clothes
70
What are 5 physiological changes that school-age children experience?
1. weight/height increase
2. heart rate slows
3. RR slows
4. loses baby teeth
5. ugly duckling phase - no front teeth
71
What 4 development theories apply to school-age?
1. Freud: latent
2. Erikson: industry vs. inferiority: active and involved
3. Piaget: concrete operations
4. Kohlberg: conventional
72
What are 4 things to educate parents on for school age?
1. kids need to go to school
2. peers are important
3. nutrition counseling for obesity prevention
4. not appropriate to lie and cheat
73
What are 3 developmental milestones for school age?
1. can read
2. jump rope
3. can roller skate
74
What physiological development occurs during adolescence?
Time of puberty with development of secondary sex characteristics. Maturation of sexual organs
75
When do females peak height?
about age 11, or 6-12 months before menarche
76
When do males peak height?
about age 13
77
True or false: weight increase does not follow same growth curve as height
false
78
What 4 development theories apply to adolescents?
1. Freud: genital
2. Erikson: identity vs. role confusion
3. Piaget: formal
4. Kohlberg: post-conventional
79
What are 4 things to educate parents on for adolescents?
1. sexual relationships
2. peers biggest influence
3. depression
4. drug/alcohol use
80
What 2 development milestones occur in adolescents?
1. muscle development
| 2. some lack of coordination during growth spurt
81
Using monosyllabic babbling occurs between what ages?
3-6 months
82
Use of mama occurs between what ages?
9-12 months
83
Linking syllables between what ages?
6-9 months
84
Cooing occurs between what ages?
birth-2 months
85
An infant should be crawling at what age?
8-10 months
86
1 mL = how many cc
1 cc
87
1 oz --> mL
30 mL
88
1 tsp --> mL
5 mL
89
1 liter --> mL
1,000 mL
90
1 mg --> mcg
1,000 mcg
91
1 gram --> mg
1000 mg
92
1 grain --> mg
60 mg
93
1 kg --> lbs
2.2 lbs
94
What are pediatric meds usually prescribed as?
mg/kg/day
