EXAM 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Which channels account for the “plateau” observed in the ventricular (fast) cardiac muscle action potential?
A
voltage-gated slow (L-type) Ca+2 channels,
2
Q
Which channels account for action potential depolarization in slow, autorhythmic cardiac fibers?
A
voltage-gated slow (L-type) Ca+2 channels,
3
Q
An increase in ventricular contractile force due to Frank-Starling mechanisms would be termed an increase
A
preload
4
Q
The adrenergic receptors that directly mediate increases in heart rate and contractility are classified as:
A
beta-1; β1,
5
Q
Parasympathetic nervous system effects on heart rate are mediated by which SA node receptors?
A
muscarinic
6
Q
What is the carotid sinus baroreceptor action potential (AP) response to an acute increase in blood pressure?
A
AP frequency increases
7
Q
Even though vessel radius decreases, the cross-sectional area of a capillary bed increases, causing blood flow velocity to:
A
decrease
8
Q
What is the most important force driving filtration at the arterial end of a capillary?
A
Blood hydrostatic pressure
9
Q
The most important determinant of “long-term” regulation of blood pressure would be:
A
blood volume
10
Q
During strenuous exercise, which parameter would change the most?
A
muscle blood flow
11
Q
Which component is the most important contributor to blood viscosity?
A
albumin
12
Q
Which state would not be associated with anemia?
A
polycythemia
13
Q
An elevated band cell count would indicate overproduction of which cell type?
A
neutrophils
14
Q
What is the primary function of thrombin?
A
converts fibrinogen to fibrin
15
Q
The first clotting factor the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways have in common is:
A
factor X
16
Q
What does not prevent the spontaneous formation of a clot
A
the presence of tissue thromboplasin`
17
Q
An individual has type B, Rh- positive blood. The individual has ____ antigens and can produce anti-________ antibodies
A
B and D; A
18
Q
What is the largest leukocyte that contains small cytoplasmic granules and typically a kidney- or horseshoe shaped nucleus
A
Monocyte
19
Q
A normal hematocrit is _______ of total blood volume.
A
37% to 52%
20
Q
What are the least abundant of the formed elements?
A
Basophils
21
Q
The universal donor of RBC’s, but not necessarily plasma, is blood type_______
A
O, Rh- negative
22
Q
What would happen if all of the hemoglobin contained within the RBC’s became free in the plasma
A
it would increase blood osmolarity
23
Q
A person with type AB blood has _____ RBC antigens
A
A and B
24
Q
a patient is diagnosed with Leukocytosis if they have more than ________ WBCs/ul
A
10,000
25
The cessation of bleeding is specifically called
hemostasis
26
Where does myeloid hemopoiesis take place in adults
Red bone marrow
27
Which cells aid the bodys defense processes by secreting histamine anf heparin?
Basophils
28
Most strokes and heart attacks are caused by the abnormal clotting of blood in an ubroken vessel. Moreover, a pieceo of the _____ may break loose and being to travel in the bloodstream as an ______.
thrombus; embolus
29
What is not normally found in plasma
Glycogen
30
The main reason why an individual with Type AB, Rh- negative blood cannot donate blood to an individual with Type A, Rh-positive blood is because ______
anti- B antibodies in the recipent will agglutinate RBCs of the donor
31
What would not decrease the blood colloid osmotic pressure?
a diet predominatly based on meat
32
What is not a function of blood
produces plasma hormones
33
the number of _____ typically increases in response to bacterical infections.
neutrophils
34
a defiency of _____ can cause permicious anemia
vitamin B12
35
What are the most abundant agranuocytes
Lymphocytes
36
Blood clots in the limbs put a patient most at risk for ______
pulmonary embolism
37
Which of the following might be injected into apatient who is prone to forming blood clots and therefore at risk of a heart attack or stroke
Heparin
38
What is not true of a patient with anemia
their blood viscosity is increased
39
What is the most abundatn protein in plasma
Albunin
40
Leukopoiesis beigns with the differentation of
pluripotent stem cells
41
Why are pregnant Rh- women given an injection of Rh immune globulin?
Antibodies in the injection bind fetal RBC antigens so they cannot stimulate her immune systen to produce anti- D antibodies.
42
During coagulation, which of the following is found in the extrinsic mechanism only?
Thromboplastin
43
What is the function of thromboplastin in hemostasis
it initiates the exstrintic pathway of coagulation
44
The ABO blood group is determined by _____ in the plasma membrace of RBC'S
glycolipids
45
A patient is suffering from ketoacidosis caused by an unregulated high protein diet. Which functions of the blood has been compromised ?
stabilizing the bodys pH
46
Some lymphocytes can survive as longas
decades
47
What is not true regarding sickle-cell disease?
it is a cause of malaria
48
Erythrocytes transport oxygen and ______
transport some carbon dioxide
49
When a clot is no longer needed, fibrin is dissolved by ______
plasmin
50
What is not secreted by platelets?
thrombopoletin
51
Where in the body are hemopoietic stem cells found?
red bone marrow
52
Serum is essentially identical to plasma except for the absence of _________
fibrinogen
53
What is the final product of the breakdown of the organic nonprotein moiety of hemoglobin?
Bilirubin
54
The strutural framework of blood clot is fromed by ________
a fibrin polymer
55
Platelets release ______ a chemical vasoconstrictor that contributes to the vascular spasm
serotonin
56
Most oxygen is transported in the blood bound to ______
heme groups in hemoglobin
57
Which of the following is not contained in the buffy coat
Erythrocytes
58
Which of the following proteins is not normally found in plasma
Hemoglobin
59
Where do most RBC's die
spleen and liver
60
Where are most clotting factors synthesized in the body?
liver
61
What is most likely to cause anemia
renal disease
62
Tissues can become edematous (swollen) when which of the following occurs?
there is a dietary protein deficiency
63
An increased Erythopoietin (EPO) output by the kidneys would lead to all of the following except?
increased hypoxemia
64
Which of the following has not been implicated in causing leukopenia
Dehydration
65
The viscosity of blood is due more to the presence of ______ than to any other factor
erythrocytes
66
What would not lead to polycythemia
iron deficiency
67
what is nota feature of cardiac muscle
they have about the same endurance as skeletal muscle fibers.
68
Most of the ventricle filing occurs _____
during atrial diastole
69
the shallow depression seen on the external surface of the heart between left and right ventricles is called the ________
intreventricular sulcus
70
Opening and closing of the heart valves is caused
pressure gradients
71
Atrial depolarication caused the
P wave
72
The ________ valve regulates the flow of blood between the right ventricles and the vessels leading to the lungs
Pulmonary
73
In a normal ECG, the deflection that is generated by ventricular repolarization is called the ________
T wave
74
Stroke volume is increased by
increased venous return
75
Mitral valve prolaspe generates a murmur associated with the _______heart sound that occurs when the _______-
lubb (51); ventricles contract
76
When sodium channels are fully open, the membrane of the ventricular cardiomyocte__________
sharply depolarizes
77
What is not a part of the cardiac conduction system?
Tendinous cords
78
When the ventricles relax, the _______ valve prevents backflow of blood into the left ventricle.
Aortic
79
Isvolumetric contraction occurs during the _________ of the electrocardiogram
R wave
80
When the left ventricle contracts, the _________ valve closes and the _________ valve is pushed open.
mitral; aortic
81
The right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid) regulates the opening between the ________ and the ________
right atrium; right ventricle
82
The ________ performs the work of the heart
myocardium
83
An extended period of time between the P wave and the QRS complex may indicate what?
the signal is taking too long to get to the AV node
84
The volume of blood ejected by each ventricle in one minute is called the __________
cardiac output
85
Obstruction of the _______ will cause a more severe myocardial infacrtion than the obstruction of any of the others.
left coronary artery
86
What carrys oxygen poor blood
venea cava and pulmonary arties
87
The long absolute refractory period of the cardiomyocytes
prevents tetanus
88
Mitral valve prolapse causes blood leak back into the _________ when the ventricles contract
Left atrium
89
The ________ are the superior chambers of the heart
atria; ventricles
90
Atrial systole begins
immediately after the P wave
91
If the Sinoatrial node is damanged, the heart will likely beat at _________bpm
40 to 50
92
The plateau in the action potential of cardiac muscle results from the action of ___________
slow Ca2+ channels
93
Assume that the left ventricle of a childs heart has an EDV=90mL, and ESV=60mL, and a cardiac output of 2,400 ml/min. His SV is ___________ml/beat and his HR is ________
30; 80
94
Electrical signals pass between cardiomyocytes through the
gap junctions
95
Which is the correct sequence of events of the cardiac cycle
Ventricular filing----> isvolumetric contraction---> ventricular ejection--->isovolumetric relaxation
96
Which of the following belongs to the pulmonary circuit
Pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins
97
What is a feature shared by cardiac muslce and skeletal muscle
muscle fiber striations
98
The _______ is the pacemaker that initiates each heart beat.
Sinoatrial node
99
After entering the right atrium, the furthest a red blood cell can travel is the ________
superior vena cava
100
Oxygen poor blood passes through the
tricuspid and pulmonary arties
101
Pericardial fluid is found between the _______ and the __________
parietal; visceral membranes
102
The chordae tendinae of the AV valves are anchored to the _______ of the ventricles .
papillary muscles
103
What blood vessels recieves blood directly from the right ventricule?
pulmonary trunk
104
the heart is located in the space called the
mediatinum
105
Which of the following is the most superficial layer enclosing the heart?
parietal pericardium
106
Congestive heart failure of the right ventricle_______
can cause systemic edema
107
Any abnormal cardiac rhythm is called_____
arrhythmia
108
Cells of the sinoatrial node _______ during the peacemaker potential
depolarize slow
109
The frank-sterling law of the heart states that stroke volume is proportional to _______
the end-diastolic volume
110
The _________ carry blood toward the lungs
pulmonary trunk and artries
111
During isovolumetric contraction,the pressure in the ventricles_________
rises rapidly
112
Hypertension is commonly considered to be chronic resting blood pressure higher than
140/90
113
Where is the greatest volume of blood found in the body
veins
114
what is the most important force driving reabsorption at the venous end of capillary
blood colloid osmotic pressure
115
What is true about TIAs
often early warning signs of an impending stroke
116
During exercise, arterioles to the skeletal muscles
dilate in response to increased muscle metabolites
117
which of the following is absent in humans
right and left brachiocephalic arteries
118
How is venous return to your heart affected when you go for an easy jog
it is increased due to increased skeletal muscular pump activity
119
Which of the following is a portal system
heart --> artery--> arteriole --> capillary bed --> arteriole --> capillary bed --> venule --> vein --> heart
120
What is the most important force driving filtration at the arterial end of a capillary
blood hydrostatic pressure
121
What does the medullary ischemic reflex result in
increased circulation to the brain
122
What causes reactive hyperemia to increase tissue perfusion
local controls
123
If someone falls and suffers a trauma what do you do
lie them down and elevate their legs
124
a bee sting can trigger a massive release of histamine, which causes ______ and a(n) ________ in arterial blood pressure
vasodiliation; decrease
125
What is the most important force in venous flow?
the pressure generated by the heart
126
Pulmonary arteries have _________ blood pressure compared to systemic artries
considerably lower
127
The lungs receive a systemic blood supply by way of which vessel(S)
Bronchial arteries
128
What are powerful vasoconstrictors
Norepinephrine and angiotension II
129
Which of the following does not contribute to venous return
widespread vasodilation
130
A mean arterial pressure below 60 mmHg can casue what?
Syncope
131
What contributes the principal venous drainage of the thoracic organs
the azygos system
132
Myocardial infarction can lead to what type of shock
Cardiogenic
133
Why does our blood pressure go up as we age
our arteries get "hard" and absorb less systolic force
134
Which vessels have the thickest tunica media
large arteries
135
Alternative route of blood supply is called..
anastomoses
136
Where is the vasomotor center located
medulla oblongta
137
Which vessel supplies 80% of the cerebrum
internal carotid artery
138
What decreases blood pressure
Natriuretic peptides
139
What would decrease the velocity of blood flow
increased viscosity
140
What is taken up by the capillaries at their venous end
waste products
141
What is associated with vasomotion
smooth muscle in the tunica media
142
What type of shock occurs when bacterial toxins trigger vasodilation and increase capillary permeability
septic
143
what activities would fatigue your hand muscles the fastest
squeezing a ball as hard as you can without stoppin
144
What would decrease capillary filtration
dehydration
145
What best describes the cerebral arterial circle (circle of willis)
an anastomosis surrounding the pituitary gland
