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PSY 350 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

Tenacity

A

acceptance of a belief based on the idea that “we have always known it to be this way”
ex: popular sayings-opposites attract, can’t teach dogs new tricks

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2
Q

Authority

A

acceptance of a belief because an authority figure tells us it is so

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3
Q

Reason

A

acceptance of a belief because it conforms to the rules of logic

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4
Q

Intuition

A

acceptance of a belief based on our feeling that it is true

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5
Q

Common sense

A

acceptance of a belief based on our sense that there’s a shared understanding

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6
Q

Personal experience

A

acceptance of a belief based on our own experiences

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7
Q

Science

A

acceptance of a belief based on the results of observation and experimentation

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8
Q

Theoretical definition

A

the meaning of a variable in words

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9
Q

Operational definition

A

the meaning of a variable in terms of the method(s) used to manipulate or measure it

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10
Q

Social comparison theory

A

we compare ourselves to other people to determine our own worth

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11
Q

Upward social comparison

A

comparing with someone better than us

often makes us feel worse about ourselves

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12
Q

Downward social comparison

A

comparing with someone worse than us

often makes us feel better about ourselves

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13
Q

Five Criteria of a Good Theory

A

1) Predictive accuracy
2) Internal coherence
3) Parsimony/Economy
4) Fertility
5) Verifiability

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14
Q

Internal coherence

A

theory has ideas that logically flow from one another

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15
Q

Parsimony/Economy

A

a theory is no more complicated than it needs to be

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16
Q

Fertility

A

a theory suggests new ideas for further study

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17
Q

Verifiability

A

theory is testable through empirical methods (based on observation)

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18
Q

Positive linear relationship

A

both variables increase/decrease

variables move together in same direction

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19
Q

Negative linear relationship

A

one variable increases while the other decreases

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20
Q

Curvilinear relationship

A

increase in one variable is accompanied by increases and decreases in other variable

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21
Q

No relationship

A

straight line

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22
Q

What correlations tell us

A
  • variables change together

- predictability (can predict probable value of one variable by knowing value of other variable)

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23
Q

Predictor variable

A
  • X

- variable used to predict

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24
Q

Criterion variable

A
  • Y

- variable whose value is being predicted

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25
Third variable problem
relationship may be driven by action of unmeasured "3rd variable" why correlation doesn't equal causation
26
Directionality problem
what caused what? | Ex: aggression and violent video game playing
27
Nonexperimental research
- research that observes variables that occur naturally - most common type=correlational research Pro: can look at relationships of interest that cannot be investigated otherwise Con: Can't infer causation
28
Experimental research
-manipulation of an IV -control over extraneous variables (cannot call it an experiment without random assignment) Pro: ability to identify/describe causal relationship Cons: can't be used if you can't manipulate variable of interest, tight control over extraneous variables limits generalizability
29
Extraneous variable
any variable not manipulated in experiment but still may affect outcome
30
How to control extraneous variables
- hold extraneous variables constant | - randomization
31
Random assignment
- can't call study an experiment without it | - can't make causal inferences without it
32
Internal validity
- the certainty with which results can be attributed to manipulation of an IV rather than some other variable - uncontrolled extraneous variables threaten internal validity
33
External validity
degree to which results can be generalized beyond study sample (steps to increase external validity often decrease internal validity and vice versa)
34
Error
fluctuations in measurement
35
Random error
error that tends to push measurements up and down around exact value -average of all measurements=close to exact value
36
Systematic error (bias)
error that tends to push measurements in same direction | -average of all measurements will be > or < exact value
37
Reliability
stability or consistency of a measure | -ex: if height=6ft, want ruler to read 6ft
38
Test-retest reliability
measure same participants at two points in time | -correlation between two scores
39
Internal consistency reliability
measure participants at one point in time - split half=correlate on half of items with other half - cronbach's alpha=correlate each item with every other item, calculate mean of all correlations
40
Inter-rater reliability
assessed by multiple observers of same behavior | -correlate judgements of raters
41
Validity
essential that measures are valid indices of phenomenon of interest
42
Construct validity
extent to which an instrument measures what it claims to measure -umbrella under which all validity falls
43
Convergent validity
measure is related to other measures it theoretically should be related to
44
Discriminant validity
measure does not relate to other measures it theoretically should not relate to
45
Reliability and validity
- Can be reliable but not valid | - Cannot be valid but not reliable
46
Illusory correlation
Occurs when we focus on two events that stand out and occur together Ex: believing that parents having trouble conceiving will have better luck conceiving after adopting a child)
47
Temporal precedence
Temporal order of events in which cause precedes effect
48
Cicatrisation of cause and effect
When cause is present the effect occurs but when cause is not present the effect does not occur
49
Basic research
Answers fundamental questions about nature of behavior
50
Applied research
Addressed issues in which there are practical problems and potential solutions
51
Literature reviews
Summarize previous research in a particular area
52
Meta-analysis
Analyze the results of a number of studies using statistical procedures
53
Nonmonotonic function vs monotonic function
Monotonic=one direction | Nonmonotonic=relationship that changes direction
54
Social loafing
Increase in number of people in a group completing a task decreases group effort/productivity
55
Uncertainty
Implies there is randomness in events (random variability)
56
Correlational method
Nonexperimental method
57
Confounding variable
Uncontrolled third variable
58
Ex post facto
After the fact Groups are formed on the basis of some actual difference rather than through random assignment NONEXPERIMENTAL
59
Participant variables
Characteristics of individuals such as age, gender, ethnic group, nationality
60
True score
Someone’s real value on a given variable
61
Measurement error
Distance between true score and measured score
62
Alternate forms reliability
Administering two different forms of the same test to the same individuals at two points in time Used to prevent artificially high correlation caused by the participants remembering how they answered the questions the first time
63
Face validity
Whether the measure appears to accurately assess the intended variable
64
Content validity
Based on comparing the content of the measure with the universe of content that defines the construct Ex: professors creating an exam, they have to pull questions from the material they taught (universe)
65
Predictive validity
Research that uses a measure to predict some future behavior
66
Concurrent validity
Research that examines the relationship between the measure and a criterion behavior at the same time (concurrently)
67
Reactivity
Measure is reactive if the awareness of being measured changes the individuals behavior
68
Nominal
Categories No numeric scales Impossible to define any quantitative values or differences between categories Ex: handedness, college major
69
Ordinal
Rank ordering Numeric values limited Intervals between items is unknown Ex: letter grades, ranking of restaurants (how many stars)
70
Interval
Difference between numbers on scale is meaningful Intervals between numbers are equal in size No true zero Ex: temperature, intelligence
71
Ratio
Have an absolute zero indicating absence of variable being measured Can form ratios Ex: reaction time, age, duration of response, weight

PSY 350 (2 decks)

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