Exam 1 Flashcards

Question

Theory

Answer 1

``` Theory – making a prediction based on an organized set of principles that attempt to explain behavior; deductive reasoning – Ex. Theory that depth perception is innate, drives predictions about the behavior of infants Constructs Hypothesis Deductive Reasoning ```

Answer 2

``` – prior research may lead to interesting questions; inductive reasoning – Often researchers conduct a series of studies to investigate a topic Ex. Program of research – Replication is key – if someone else repeats the same study will they get the same results? ```

Answer 3

- hypothetical factors that cannot be directly observed – Inferred from observing specific behaviors or responses on specific measures – Ex. Aggression is a construct; we infer it occurs through observation of specific behaviors such as physical confrontations, angry verbal outbursts, etc.

Answer 4

``` – Prediction about the specific outcome of a study – Educated guess – Can be deduced from a theory – When supported it provides support (NOT proof) for the theory – When not supported may mean either theory is incorrect or that there is a problem with the study ```

Answer 5

``` – making specific predictions (hypotheses) based on more general statements about behavior (theory) – Reasoning from general to specific ```

Answer 6

1) Created from prior research findings 2) Inductive Reasoning - making general predictions from more specific information; this is how theories ultimately develop

Answer 7

1) Descriptive – describes behaviors or the relation between behaviors – Ex. Are high fit individuals also high in conscientiousness? 2) Causal – tries to understand the cause of some specific behavior – Ex. Does completing a fitness intervention lead to reduced anxiety in college students compared to no intervention?

Answer 8

Limitations of Science Need for operational definitions Need for converging methods

Answer 9

– Has to be applied to phenomenon that can be studied empirically (observed with the senses) – Ex. Can’t answer whether there is a God – Ex. Can answer whether religious beliefs are linked to health status

Answer 10

``` – defining an abstract concept by the set of operations used to measure that concept – Ex. Aggression assessed via # verbal outbursts over the past month – Allows for replication ```

Answer 11

– study same concept with different techniques or operational definitions

Answer 12

``` - definition of an abstract concept (e.g. depression, memory ability) for the purpose of measurement or manipulation of the concept and data collection – Ex. Aggression = # verbal outbursts ```

Answer 13

``` a characteristic that can take on more than one value –Ex. Gender; Age; Aggression Science explores relationship between variables Knowing relationship between variables allows us to: –Describe, predict and control behavior ```

Answer 14

Associative | Causal

Answer 15

``` – Variables are related but one variable does not cause the other –Ex. Ice cream sales and violent crime rates increase at similar times of the year –Correlation is a way to measure an association ```

Answer 16

``` – one variable causes a change in another variable  Knowing causal relations is most helpful for goals of science – Prediction, description, explanation, application  Causal relations = harder to establish than association  Use control to establish causal relationships ```

Answer 17

``` ]–Strong – as one variable changes the other changes proportionally (rare in psychology) Ex. With each +1 in heat, you get +1 in aggression –Weak – as one variable changes the other variable tends to change Ex. With each +1 in heat, aggression changes only a little (e.g. + 0.10) ```

Answer 18

extraneous variables

Answer 19

- Correlational (low control) - Quasi-experimental (some control) - Experimental (high control)

Answer 20

Examines relationship between variables -not manipulated -Sometimes used to predict (Predictor variable, Outcome variable ) – Can be applied to any variables Disadvantages – Cannot establish causal relations between variables – Third variable problem extraneous factors – Directionality problem

Answer 21

``` Manipulate 1+ variables, hold other variables constant, observe effect of the manipulation on the variable(s) of interest - Control - Systematic-observe effects after exercising control observation -IV DV -multiple levels -randomization is key -control allows casual influence -directionial ```

Answer 22

A design experiment conducted with one or a few participants to better understand the behavior of those individuals.

Answer 23

Seeking only evidence that supports our beliefs and ignoring evidence that contradicts those beliefs

Answer 24

design were each participant participates in all levels of the variable

Answer 25

explanations of phenomena should be able to be falsified if they are incorrect

Answer 26

Time measured in minutes

Answer 27

indicates that a survey measures the behavior it is designed to measure. "Suppose a psychologist developed a test to measure intelligence, but this test was poorly developed and really only measured how well people perform on standardized tests (in other words, it doesn t actually measure intelligence). This test would lack ______."

Answer 28

Asking individuals to rate how often each of 20 items related to depression symptoms occurs in their daily lives

Answer 29

each participant participates in all levels of the variable.

Answer 30

An independent variable that includes three different types of treatments or levels

Answer 31

the simplest explanation of a phenomenon is most likely to be correct

Answer 32

People in a grocery store are asked to sample three types of energy drinks and then indicate which one they liked best and which they liked least (i.e., they rank ordered the drinks).

Answer 33

A measure of the degree to which different observers rate behaviors in similar ways

Answer 34

A researcher who examines the relationship between individuals tooth flossing frequency and the incidence of heart disease in these individuals

Answer 35

When participants choose not to complete a research study

Answer 36

a source of bias when participants are tested more than once in a study and the early testing impacts later testing.

Answer 37

If most participants in your sample choose to fully complete the survey you give them, you should have a low level of

Answer 38

A strong, positive relationship between scores on a new survey and scores on a previously validated survey on the same topic

Answer 39

"Imagine that you are interested in studying memory ability in elementary school students. In order to assess memory ability you measure how many words students remember from a list of 20 words they initially studied. In this instance, number of words remembered serves as

Answer 40

involves making a prediction about the results of a study that describes behavior.

Answer 41

on the surface, a study or scale appears to be intuitively valid

Answer 42

A researcher was interested in how exercise impacts UTEP college students mental health. She created a survey to gather people s information and went to the Union on the UTEP campus on a Monday afternoon and asked passersby to volunteer to take the survey. At the end of the day, 120 volunteers completed surveys, 100 of which were filled out by men and 20 that were filled out by women. She realized that this sample did not adequately represent the population of UTEP students and her survey procedure has led to

Answer 43

The degree to which the results of a study can be replicated under a similar set of conditions

Exam 1 Flashcards

(67 cards)