Exam #1 Flashcards
(150 cards)
1
Q
list Darwin’s 3 postulates
A
- all organisms reproduce in excess of what can survive (struggle for survival)
- individual members of a species vary from one to another
- some variants will survive and some will be destroyed
2
Q
what did Darwin notice about the finches beaks?
A
there were different beak shapes among different environments
3
Q
what is evolution?
A
a change over time in the genetic makeup of a population
4
Q
what is microevolution?
A
involves changes in a population (within a species) over time
5
Q
what is macroevolution?
A
occurs above the species level and involves vast amount of time
6
Q
what is gradualistic evolution?
A
species evolve slowly over time
7
Q
what is punctuated equilibrium?
A
species are generally stable for long expanses of time, but punctuated by a rapid burst that leaves few fossils in the record
8
Q
contrast artificial and natural selection
A
natural is done by nature, artificial is done by humans
9
Q
what is adaptive radiation?
A
the process by which a species or group of related species evolves rapidly into many different species that occupy new habitats or geographic zones
10
Q
what are the 4 type of evidence for evolution?
A
- paleontological
- comparative anatomical
- embryological
- molecular
11
Q
what are homologous structures?
A
similar anatomical features and embyrological development, different function
12
Q
what are analogous structures?
A
similar structure and function, different evolutionary pathways
13
Q
what are vestigial structures?
A
homologous to structures that function normally in other species, but have become useless through evolution
14
Q
what is cytochrome c?
A
a heme protein found in the mitochondria, a molecular method of establishing common ancestry
15
Q
when was earth formed?
A
4.6 billion years ago
16
Q
when did the first cell evolve?
A
3.8 million years ago
17
Q
when did the first eukaryotic cell evolve?
A
2.6 million years ago
18
Q
what does the Hardy Weinberg principle state?
A
the original proportions of the genotypes in a population will remain constant from generation to generation as long as 5 assumptions are met
19
Q
what are the 5 assumptions that must be met in order for a population to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium?
A
- no mutation
- no gene flow
- random mating
- large population
- no natural selection
20
Q
what is the equation to determine allelic frequencies?
A
p+q=1
21
Q
what is the equation to determine genotypic frequencies?
A
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
22
Q
what is directional selection?
A
favors one extreme phenotype, like in the eagle lab
23
Q
what is stabilizing selection?
A
favors the intermediate phenotype
24
Q
what is disruptive (diversifying) selection?
A
favors both extreme phenotypes, shifts away from intermediate
25
what is the science of naming and classifying organisms?
taxonomy
26
what is an adaptation?
a structure or function that confers greater ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment
27
what is a species?
a group of interbreeding individuals who are reproductively, and thus genetically, isolated from other groups
28
what is convergent evolution?
when different species independently evolve similar traits by adapting to similar environments or ecological niches
29
what must happen in order for 2 groups to become distinct species?
traits must change in way that will keep members of each group reproductively isolated even if they are in the same location
30
what is an ecomorph?
a local variety of species who appearance is determined by its ecological environment
31
what is the name of the lizards we studied and what changed among each ecomorph?
Anoles, limb length, dewlap color, and toepad
32
what is a coelom?
a body cavity
33
list and describe the 3 types of coelom?
1. acoelomate: does not have a coelom between the digestive system and outer body wall
2. pseudocoelomates: coelom derived from both the endoderm and the mesoderm
3. eucolemoates (true coleomates): coelom derived only from mesodermal tissues
34
what are protostomes?
the blastopore gives rise to the mouth (mouth first)
35
what are deuterostomes?
the blastopore gives rise to anal opeing
36
what are metazoans?
living animals
37
list the members of protozoa (no tissues)
phylum porifera
38
list the members of eumetazoa (has tissues)
radiata (phylum cnidara) and bilateria (all protosomes and deuterostomes)
39
list the protosomes
clades ecdysozoa (phyla nematoda and antrhopoda) and lophotrochozoa (Phyla mollusca, platyhelminthes, annelida)
40
list the deuterostomes
phyla echinodermata, hemichordata, and chordata
41
what is the symmetry of phylum porifera?
irregular, asymmetric, or no symmetry
42
list and describe the 2 most important parts of the skeletal structure of phylum porifera
1. spicules: calcerous structures
| 2. spongin: collagenous protein
43
how does excretion and respiration occur in phylum porifera?
simple diffusion
44
how does digestion occur in phylum porifera?
intracellular with the help of amoebocytes
45
how does reproduction occur in phylum porifera?
asexually, by budding or forming gemmules and
| sexually by the production of sperm and eggs that unite to form free-swimming larva
46
are members of phylum porifera monoecious or dioecious?
monoecious
47
what are gemmules?
structures that help buds survive harsh conditions
48
what are ostia in phylum porifera?
pores that allow water into the sponge
49
what is the spongocoel in phylum porifera?
the central cavity, lined with choanocytes
50
what is the osculum in phylum porifera?
how water is eliminated from the sponge
51
list the 3 types of sponge in order from most to least complex canal system
asconoid, syconoid, leuconoid
52
what is an amoebocyte?
absorbs, digests, and transports food
53
list the 3 classes of phylum porifera
1. calcerea
2. demospongiae
3. hexactinellida
54
what are the 2 body forms in phylum cnidaria?
polyp and medusa
55
what type of symmetry is displayed in phylum cnidaria?
radial
56
are members of phylum cnidaria diplo or triploblastic?
diploblastic, they only have endo and ectoderm
57
how does digestion occur in phylum cnidaria?
extracellular with the use of amoebocytes
58
what type of body cavity does phylum cnidaria have
acoelomates
59
how does respiration occur in phylum cnidaria?
simple diffusion
60
what is the nervous function like in phylum cnidaria?
a nerve net composed of neurites and sensory organs
61
describe reproduction in phylum cnidaria
- asexual: budding
| - sexual: many are dioecious, male and female gametes are fertilized externally
62
list the 4 classes and give an example organism of phylum cnidaria
1. hydrozoa: hydra
2. schyphozoa: true jellyfish
3. cubozoa: box jellyfish
4. anthozoa: sea anenome
63
what is the dominant body form of class hydrozoa in phylum cnidaria?
polyp
64
what is the dominant body form of class scyphozoa in phylum cnidaria?
medusa
65
what is the dominant body form of class cubozoa in phylum cnidaria?
medusa
66
what is the dominant body form of class anthozoa in phylum cnidaria?
polyp form only
67
identify the tentacles, testes, ovaries, mouth, and bud on a hydra
look at your pictures now!
68
identify the gonads, mouth, and bell of an Aurelia
this is a true jellyfish, look at your pictures!
69
identify the tentacles, mouth, ostium, retractor muscles, gonads, and feet on an anthozoa
look at them pics!
70
what is a nematocyte?
the stinging part of the jellyfish, the cells are called nematocysts
71
who are members of phylum ctenophora?
small, clear, walnut-shaped blobs
72
what form do members of phylum cetnophora exist in?
medusa form only
73
are members of phylum ctenophora mono or dioecious?
monoecious
74
what are the 2 clades within the protostomes?
lophotrochozoans and ecdysozoans
75
what are the 2 defining characteristics of lophotrochozoans?
1. presence of locophores
| 2. presence of trocophores
76
what four phyla are part of the clade lophotrochozoan?
1. platyhelminthes
2. rotifera
3. mollusca
4. annelida
77
what are members of phylum platyhelminthes more commonly known as?
flatworms
78
list the symmetry, tissue layers, body cavity, and reproductive classification of phylum platyhelminthes (BTAM)
1. bilateral
2. triploblastic
3. acoelomates
4. monoecious
79
how is respiration and circulation accomplished in phylum platyhelminthes?
diffusion
80
describe the digestive system of phylum platyhelminthes
incomplete, mouth --> pahrynx ---> gastrovascular cavity
81
describe the nervous function and organs of phylum platyhelminthes
eyespots, cephalization, paired cerebral ganglia, nerve cord
82
list and give an example organism of the 4 classes of phylum platyhelminthes
1. Turbellaria (free-living flatworms)
2. Cestoda (parasitic tapeworms)
3. Trematoda (flukes)
4. Monogenea (ectoparasitic flatworms)
83
identify eyespots, opening of pharynx (mouth) on a Dugesia
this is a Turbellaria of phylum platyhelminthes, look at yo pics
84
what is the head region in a member of class Cestoda called?
the scolex
85
identify the scolex, rostellum, immature proglottids on a Cestoda
pictures!
86
what does each immature proglottid contain on a Cestoda?
a reproductive unit
87
what are members of phylum rotifera known as?
wheel animalcules
88
what type of body cavity do members of phylum rotifera have?
pseudocoelomates
89
describe the nervous features of members of phylum rotifera
papillae, sensory bristles, eyespots
90
is the digestive system of phylum rotifera complete or incomplete?
complete
91
describe reporduction in phylum rotifera
members are dioecious, and use sexual reproduction, sometimes with hypodermic impregnation
92
what color are members of phylum rotifera?
transparent
93
describe the body cavity of phylum mollusca
coelomates
94
describe the general body plan of phylum mollusca
head region containing the cephalic, feeding, and locomotion stuff, and visceral mass region containing the digestive, respiratory, circulatory, and repro stuff
95
is the circulatory system of phylum mollusca open or closed?
open
96
how does respiration (gas exchange) occur in phylum mollusca?
gills and lungs
97
describe the digestive system of phylum mollusca
complete, highly specialized, containing nephridia (kidneys), and radula
98
describe the nervous features of phylum mollusca
several pair of ganglia and associated nerve cords, sensory organs, developed eyes
99
what is the mantle in phylum mollusca?
skin that secrets and lines the shell
100
describe reproduction in phylum mollusca
dioecious, mostly external fertilization
101
list and give an example organism of the 4 major classes of phylum mollusca
1. Polyplacophora (chitons)
2. Gastropoda (snails and slugs)
3. Cephalopoda (octupi, squid)
4. Bivalvia (clams, oysters, mussels)
102
what class in which phyla has the largest brain of all invertebrates?
class cephalopoda in phylum mollusca
103
how are the two valves of class bivalvia connected? what is their diet?
the hinge, mostly filter feeders
104
identify: foot, anterior and posterior adductor muscles, mantle, stomach, digestive gland, heart, rectum, anus, gonad, intestine, external gills, and mouth on a bivalve (clam)
u know where to go
105
list the body cavity type and symmetry of phylum annelida
coelomates, bilateral
106
what are the segments called on members of phylum annelida? what are the tiny hairs on the outside?
metameres, separated internally by septa, with setae on the outside
107
describe the support system of phylum annelida
hydrostatic skeleton, muscle system
108
is the digestive system of phylum annelida complete or incomplete?
complete
109
describe the circulatory system of phylum annelida
ventral and dorsal pumping vessels that act as pumping hearts
110
describe the excretory system of phylum annelida
nephridia (primitive kidneys)
111
describe the nervous system of phylum annelida
well developed with eyes and a nerve cord
112
describe reproduction in phylum annelida
can be mono or dioecious, have a clitellum which secretes mucus during repro
113
list and give an example organism of the 3 classes of phylum annelida
1. Polychaeta (marine worms)
2. Hirudinea (leeches)
3. Oligochaeta (earthworms)
114
identify the mouth, seminal receptacles, seminal vesicles, crop, gizzard, testis, ovary, anus, and clitellum on an earthworm
this is an Oligochatae, monoecious, find that picture
115
what is the defining characteristic of the Ecdysozoan clade of protostomes?
they must undergo molting in order to grow
116
list the 2 main phyla studied in clade Ecdysozoa
1. Nematoda
| 2. Arthropoda
117
what are members of phylum nematoda more commonly known as?
round worms
118
describe the body cavity type, symmetry and repro structure of members of phylum nematoda
pesudocoelomates, bilateral, dioecious
119
identify pharynx, intestine, genital pore, rectum, anus, vagina, uteri, oviduct, ovary (female) and seminal vesicle, vas deferens, testis, and ejaculatory duct (male) on an Ascaris lumbricoides
this is a nematode, find that pic
120
what is the defining characteristic of phylum arthropoda?
their chitonous exoskeleton which provides support and protection
121
describe the symmetry, body plan, and body cavity type of phylum arthropoda
bilateral, segmentation (metamerism), coelomates
122
what is the major body cavity of phylum arthropoda called?
the hemocoel
123
describe the nervous structures of phylum arthropoda
compound or simple eyes and antennae
124
is the digestive system of phylum arthropoda complete or incomplete?
complete
125
describe the respiratory system of phylum arthropoda
varied, but use tracheae
126
describe the circulatory system of phylum arthropoda
open
127
describe reporduction in phylum arthropoda
dioecious, internal fertilization, oviparous females
128
list and give examples of the 4 major SUBPHYLA of phylum arthropoda
1. Chelicerata (ticks, spiders, scorpions)
2. Myriapoda (centipedes and millipedes)
3. Crustacea (crayfish, shrimp)
4. Hexapoda (insects)
129
identify antenna, rostrum, compound eye, carpace, cephalothorax, abdomen, uropod, gills, seminal receptacle (female), copulatory swimmerets, and sperm ducts (male) on a crayfish
pictures of this crustacea!
130
list the 2 defining characteristics of subphylum hexapoda
1. 3 pairs of legs
| 2. two pairs of wings
131
how do grasshoppers breathe?
through spicules on their legs
132
are members of phylum echinodermata protostomes or deuterstomes?
deuterostomes
133
describe the symmetry of phylum echinodermata
pentaradial in adult form, larvae bilateral
134
what is the special support structure of phylum echinodermata? what does it do?
the water vascular system, which functions in locomotion, feeding, sensory reception, and gas exchange
135
what powers the tube feet in phylum echinodermata?
the hydraulic system from the water vascular system
136
what kind of digestive system does phylum echinodermata have?
complete
137
what color is the blood of phylum echinodermata?
colorless
138
how does respiration occur in phylum echinodermata?
gills
139
describe the nervous structures of phylum echinodermata
rings around the mouth, radiating outward
140
describe the excretory system in phylum echinodermata
there is none
141
describe reproduction in phylum echinodermata
dioecious
142
list and give an example organism of the 5 classes of phylum echinodermata
1. Crinoidea (sea lilies)
2. Asteroidea (sea stars)
3. Echinoidea (sand dollars)
4. Ophiuroidea (brittle/basket stars)
5. Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)
143
identify ambulacral ridge, gonads, pyloric cecum (digestive gland), madreporite, ring canal, and stone canal on an Asteroidea
this is the star fish dissection!
144
list the 4 characteristics that all members of phylum chordata have
1. pharangyeal slit
2. post anal tail
3. notocord
4. dorsal nerve cord
145
what is the most common member of phylum hemichordata?
acorn worm (80 species)
146
what phylum does a sea lancelet belong to?
chordata
147
identify the nerve cord and notocord on a sea lancelet
nerve cord on top, notocord on bottom
148
why is a sea squirt a chordate and not a member of phylum proifera?
it has incurrent and excurrent siphons, a nerve cord, and oscula
149
what class of chordata does a sea squirt belong to?
tunica
150
what phylum does the daphnia that the hydra ate in lab belong to?
phylum arthropoda
