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BIO 181 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

True or False: The contractile vacuole of the paramecium is possibly an evolutionary precursor of the kidney.

A

True

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2
Q

True or False: A cancer cell will be anchorage-dependent for growth and immortal.

A

False

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3
Q

Comparing a single-celled eukaryotic organism with a multicellular organism such as yourself identify the major difference

A

DIVISION OF LABOR

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4
Q

True or False: A cell that is anchorage-dependent for growth will also exhibit contact inhibition.

A

True

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5
Q

Write a few sentences that explain what limits an individual cell from becoming more complex.

A

Limited number of biomolecular machines

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6
Q

Compared to bacteria which of the cell types below are not responsible for finding food.

A

LYMPHOCYTE, MACROPHAGE, FIBROBLAST

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7
Q

In Cell Biology, what can limit the progress of science?

A

Technology

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8
Q

The paramecium discussed in class contained an organelle called the contractile vacuole. This is the presumed precursor of the:

A

KIDNEY

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9
Q

True or False: A normal cell is anchorage-dependent for growth and mortal.

A

True

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10
Q

What limits the paramecium from acquiring more complex functions?

A

Limited number of biomolecular machines

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11
Q

A single celled eukaryotic organism:

A

Has a limited number of biomolecular machines; must find food, shelter, a mate, and reproduce, escape from predators

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12
Q

True or False: In your own multicellular body, different cells in the body have a division of labor between them

A

True

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13
Q

True or False: In your own multicellular body, cells with different functions have different DNA.

A

False

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14
Q

A cell that is itself an organism must have a minimum of four needs.

A

Find food, shelter, a mate, and the need to reproduce

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15
Q

True or False: The paramecium swims by way of using a flagella.

A

False

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16
Q

True or False: When cancer cells are crowded by surrounding cells, the cancer cells become spherical and they can still go through cell division.

A

True

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17
Q

True or False: In an extant prokaryotic cell, the outer boundary of life is the capsule.

A

False

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18
Q

True or False: Fluorescence microscopy is a form of light microscopy.

A

True

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19
Q

True or False: Loss of the cell wall was required for the endomembrane system theory.

A

True

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20
Q

Why is it important to know the limitations of technology?

A

You can’t advance without knowing what the limitations are

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21
Q

After a cell is pancake shaped in a cell culture dish, the order of events that occurs as a cell walks is:

A

Filapodia, liamellipodia, cell muscle, retraction fiber

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22
Q

True or False: The ancient earth did not contain much oxygen

A

True

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23
Q

The association of ribosomes with _ invaginations would support the _ theory

A

Membrane, endomembrane

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24
Q

True or False: Ribosomes bound to some of the membrane invaginations in the endomembrane theory.

A

True

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25
Q

True or False: It is presumed that the peroxisomes evolved in these primitive, proto-eukaryotes to remove oxygen, which was toxic to the primitive cells.

A

True

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26
Q

True or False: The presumed first step in the transition of the primitive, proto-prokaryotic cell into the primitive, proto-eukaryotic cell was the loss of the cell wall.

A

True

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27
Q

Motility improved the fitness of these early cells because:

A

It allowed them to move away from predators and towards food

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28
Q

True or False: Loss of the cell wall is required for the endosymbiotic theory.

A

True

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29
Q

A normal is _ and _ for growth.

A

Mortal, anchorage-dependent

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30
Q

What limits how big a cell can be.

A

The surface area to volume ration

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31
Q

True or False: The cytoskeleton enabled the primitive cell to become motile.

A

True

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32
Q

True or False: DNA in extant prokaryotic cells is circular.

A

True

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33
Q

True or False: The cytoskeleton enabled the primitive cell to become motile.

A

True

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34
Q

True or False: DNA in extant prokaryotic cells is circular.

A

True

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35
Q

List one limitation of the cell culture technique.

A

Not all cells can grow in a culture

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36
Q

Actin filaments are present in the cell’s _ and the microtubules are present in the cell’s _

A

Cell Cortex; Cell Interior

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37
Q

True or False: Heterochromatin does not exist in interphase nuclei

A

False

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38
Q

True or False: The diameter of intermediate filament is 25 nm

A

False

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39
Q

True or False: To get into the nucleus a component has to have the correct signal sequence and pass through a nuclear pore

A

True

40
Q

True or False: Chromosomes are made out of Euchromatin

A

False

41
Q

True or False: Molecular motors use ATP as the energy source to power the molecular motors

A

True

42
Q

True or False: The actin filament system is present in the nucleus

A

False

43
Q

Which cyto skeletal filament system lines the inside of the nucleus to protect it?

A

Intermediate filament system

44
Q

Molecular motors run on which two cytoskeletal filament systems?

A

Actin and microtubular

45
Q

What does the nucleosomoal core have in it?

A

8 histones (two H2A, two H2B, two H3, two H4)

46
Q

Where is the histone H1 found

A

The nucleosomal core, acting like a staple

47
Q

True or False: Naked DNA does not exist in Nature but scientists can make naked DNA in a test tube.

A

True

48
Q

True or False: The actin filament system extends outside of the cell.

A

False

49
Q

True or False: Naked DNA does not exist in Nature but scientists can make naked DNA in a test tube.

A

True

50
Q

For a protein to enter the endoplasmic reticulum as part of the endoplasmic reticulum’s lumen or part of the endoplasmic reticulum’s membrane:

A

A ribosome binds to the mRNA and a short stretch of protein is synthesized that contains a signal sequence

51
Q

Explain the evolutionary origin of mitochondria.

A

Anaerobic eukaryotic engulfed an aerobic alpha-proteobacterium which then became an endosymbiont providing ATP from respiration while receiving substrates and protection

52
Q

Explain how the vesicles are carried from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane:

A

Proteins are synthesized by ribosomes and enter the rough ER; Vesicles bud off from the rER and carry proteins to the Golgi apparatus; The golgi apparatus modifies proteins; the vesicles bud off from the Golgi and carry modified proteins to the plasma membrane

53
Q

The plasma membrane gets new lipids from:
a) the lumen of the ER b) the lumen of the golgi apparatus c) making new lipids at the plasma membrane d) the nucleus e) none of the above

A

None of the above

54
Q

Active transport uses ATP to move components in parallel with their concentration gradient, that is: from a high concentration to a low concentration.

A

False

55
Q

Explain how the vesicles are carried from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane:

A

The cells secreting the proteins on demand are stored in the secretory vesicles. These vesicles are formed in the trans Golgi apparatus, then released into the exterior by exocytosis in response to the extracellular signal.

56
Q

What are the two functions of a membrane?

A

regulating which molecules go in and out of the cell; Separating incompatible processes occurring within organelles

57
Q

True or False: Active transport uses ATP to move components in parallel with their concentration gradient, that is: from a high concentration to a low concentration.

A

False

58
Q

What are the orphaned organelles orphaned from?

A

The endomembrane system.

59
Q

The ER is contiguous with the Golgi apparatus.

A

False

60
Q

True or False: The ER is contiguous with the nuclear envelope.

A

True

61
Q

What is the difference between a triglyceride and a phospholipid?

A

Triglyceride has 3 fatty acids attached to the glycerol while phospholipids have two fatty acids

62
Q

True or False: The ER is contiguous with the Golgi apparatus.

A

False

63
Q

Cholosterol is _ to have in biological membranes

A

good

64
Q

A single pass trans-membrane protein that is an alpha helix can make a channel.

A

False

65
Q

Explain the evolutionary origin of the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and vesicles.

A

ER consists of a network of membranous tubules and falttened sacs. The discs and tubules of the ER are hollow, and the space inside is called the lumen.

66
Q

It is a simple matter (thermodynamically favorable) for a vesicle to form from the endoplasmic reticulum

A

False

67
Q

What is the difference between a single-pass transmembrane protein and a 7-pass transmembrane protein?

A

A single-pass transmembrane protein does not contain a channel while a 7-pass transmembrane does.

68
Q

True or False: A single pass trans-membrane protein that is an alpha helix can make a channel.

A

False

69
Q

True or False: It is a simple matter (thermodynamically favorable) for a vesicle to form from the endoplasmic reticulum

A

False

70
Q

There are two types of receptors. One type of receptor binds to polar (hydrophilic) ligands and this is the receptor located in the

A

PLASMA MEMBRANE

71
Q

For a cell to respond to a ligand released from a cell and uses the circulatory system to get to the responding cell it is called _ communication

A

ENDOCRINE

72
Q

Two types of second messengers discussed in lecture can exist downstream of a plasma membrane receptor. These are _ and _

A

Polar and Nonpolar

73
Q

There are two basic forms of cytoplasmic signaling (i.e. signal transduction). One uses _ and the other uses _

A

Calcium signal; Protein Kinases

74
Q

There is communication between cells and communication _ cells

A

Within

75
Q

The other point where MAPK can become active is _ of the cell cycle

A

M Phase

76
Q

When insulin binds to a receptor, this signal first uses

A

Kinases

77
Q

When a cell “talks to itself” it is called _ communication

A

AUTOCRINE

78
Q

For a cell to respond to a ligand released from a neighboring cell where the ligand diffuses directly from one cell to another is called _ communication

A

PARACRINE

79
Q

There are two basic types of communication within cells. One type is called _ signaling and it takes days to weeks to occur. The other type is called _ communication and it take minutes to hours to act

A

NUCLEAR; CYTOPLASMIC

80
Q

MAPK has two different functions depending on where this kinase acts in the _. If the kinase becomes active during interphase the cell is triggered to progress through the _

A

CELL CYCLE, CELL CYCLE

81
Q

MAPK has two different functions depending on where this kinase acts in the _. If the kinase becomes active during interphase the cell is triggered to progress through the _

A

CELL CYCLE, CELL CYCLE

82
Q

The _ begins to be destroyed at the metaphase of the cell cycle causing the chromosomes to begin to _

A

NUCLEAR MEMBRANE; MOVE TO THE EQUATOR OF THE CELL

83
Q

Many chemotherapy drugs act by arresting the cell in M-phase of the cell cycle.

A

True

84
Q

True or False: Many chemotherapy drugs act by arresting the cell in M-phase of the cell cycle.

A

True

85
Q

True or False: In the time span of 10 years every cell in your adult body goes through the cell cycle.

A

False

86
Q

Cancer can be described as a loss of cell cycle regulation.

A

True

87
Q

True or False: Cancer can be described as a loss of cell cycle regulation.

A

True

88
Q

True or False: After DNA synthesis (i.e., S-phase) an identical copy of the DNA has been made and this is present in the two chromatids when viewed as the chromosome.

A

True

89
Q

True or False: Cytoplasmic signal transduction controls the checkpoints of the cell cycle.

A

True

90
Q

Cytokinesis in plant and animal cells takes two forms. List them here.

A

CLEAVAGE FURROW, CELL PLATE

91
Q

At these checkpoints, a cyclin works with a cyclin-dependent kinase (i.e., Cdk) to regulate the checkpoint.

A

True

92
Q

True or False: At these checkpoints, a cyclin works with a cyclin-dependent kinase (i.e., Cdk) to regulate the checkpoint.

A

True

93
Q

True or False: During mitosis, the cytoplasm of the cell is “settled down”.

A

True

94
Q

True or False: The synthesis/presence of cyclin is what turns on the Cdk as the Cdk is always present but it is the cyclin that is synthesized and degraded in cycles.

A

True

95
Q

True or False: In your body not all cells go through the cell cycle

A

True

96
Q

True or False: Gap1 of the cell cycle represents the time when the cell is doing what it is supposed to do as part of its cell type. In other words, that is when a liver cell is doing its function as a liver cell.

A

True

BIO 181 (1 decks)

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