Exam 1 Flashcards
(171 cards)
1
Q
What occurred during the Decade of the Brain (1990’s)? (3)
A
Genes contributing to the development of schizophrenia were identified.
Drugs that block addiction were discovered.
New treatments for depression were developed.
2
Q
Who is credited with establishing the first psychology laboratory in Germany in 1879?
A
Wilhelm Wundt
3
Q
Dr. Locke is a philosopher who believes there is no distinction between the physical brain and the mind. This position is known as?
A
Materialistic monism
4
Q
_______ was a dualist.
A
Plato
5
Q
According to the hydraulic model of the nervous system ________
A
Nerves were hollow tubes that allowed animal spirits to flow through them
6
Q
Descartes believed that the “seat of the soul” was located in the
A
Pineal gland
7
Q
Through their experiments, Fritsch and Hitzig showed that
A
Muscle movement is the result of brain stimulation
8
Q
Who discovered that nerves conduct electricity at a rate significantly slower than the speed of light?
A
Hermann von Helmholtz
9
Q
Broca’s mute patient had damage to his
A
Left hemisphere
10
Q
The idea that different functions are localized in different portions of the brain is evidenced by?
A
Phineas Gage’s personality change following frontal lobe damage
11
Q
With the exception of egg and sperm cells, all human body cells have
A
46 chromosomes
12
Q
If you underwent a procedure to test for a particular disease that is triggered by a defective protein inherited from your parents, what SPECIFIC genetic component will they be looking for?
A
A particular allele of a gene
13
Q
Female humans have
A
Two X chromosomes
14
Q
At six weeks after conception, a developing human is known as a(n)
A
Embryo
15
Q
How many different bases make up human DNA?
A
4
16
Q
Enzymes
A
Are proteins produced by genetic mechanisms that modify rates of chemical reactions
17
Q
John has type B blood and Sue has type A blood. If they have a child, what blood type is impossible for that child to have?
A
The child can have any type because type A is dominant or codominant with type B and both are dominant over type O
18
Q
If John and Sue have a baby with type A blood, what is true of the babys alleles that determine blood type?
A
The baby is heterozygous for the dominant Type A allele
19
Q
What is true regarding red-green color blindness?
A
It is an x linked recessive trait. Because it is x linked males are more likely to have it.
20
Q
A trait is polygenic if
A
It is influenced by more than one gene
21
Q
What are some of the traits believed to have a genetic basis?
A
Personality, drug addiction, sexual orientation.
22
Q
Nearly all of the base-pair sequences of the _______ have been mapped.
A
Human genome
23
Q
The differential survival of organisms with more adaptive traits is known as?
A
Natural selection.
24
Q
What is true of gene activity (3)?
A
Genes may fluctuate in the amount of protein they code for at different times.
A gene may become active at only a certain time in the life cycle.
The activity of a gene may be influence by experience.
25
What trait is the most researched in terms of heritability?
Height
26
If people from similar environments are samples, estimates of heritability for traits will be _____ people from different environments are sampled.
Higher than if
27
The best way to think about a relationship among genes, environment, and intelligence is that
Genes set the potential range and environment determines the actual capacity.
28
Scientists estimate that there are about ______ neurons in the brain.
86 billion
29
Neurons account for _____ of all cells in the nervous system.
50%
30
The nucleus of a neural cell is located in the
Soma
31
A neuron that transmits information between the central nervous system and a muscle is called a(n)
Motor neuron
32
A _______ neuron has an axon and numerous dendrites projecting away from the cell body.
Multipolar
33
What is a type of neuron that may not have an axon?
Interneuron
34
The neural membrane is not selectively permeable to which of the following substances: sodium, potassium, oxygen, chloride?
Oxygen
35
When a neuron is at rest, _______ ions are more plentiful outside of the cell.
Na (sodium)
36
The TYPICAL resting potential of a neuron is
-70 millivolts
37
When the cell is at rest, why are K+ ions are strongly attracted across the cell membrane to the outside of the cell?
Mostly because of the force of diffusion.
38
Which of the following is not allowed to pass through the membrane Na+, Cl, K+, A-?
A-
39
In which direction does the sodium potassium pump move sodium?
Outside the cell
40
In which direction does the sodium potassium pump move postssium?
Inside the cell
41
Neurons undergo depolarization when
When Na+ ions enter the cell.
42
Depolarization is MOST similar to
Hypopolarization
43
When a neuron is at resting potential, Na+ ions are strongly attracted across the cell membrane because of
Electrostatic pressure and diffusion.
44
A neuron will fire an action potential when it is
Depolarized to its threshold.
45
The outflow of K+ ions during an action potential results in
Hyperpolarization
46
The action potentials generated by a specific neuron are all the same strength, yet humans experience events that vary in intensity. What partially accounts for this variation of experience?
The number of action potentials generated by a single neuron in a period of time.
47
What happens to sodium and potassium channels during the absolute refractory period? What effect does this have on action potentials?
Potassium channels are open while sodium channels are closed and cannot be opened.
An action potential cannot be generated. It ensures that the action potential will only travel in one direction.
48
What happens during the relative refractory period?
Potassium channels are open causing the neuron to be negatively hyperpolarized. Because the neuron is more negatively charged it requires stronger stimuli to result in another action potential.
49
The ____ the axon, the _____ the action potential.
Thicker, faster
50
In the central nervous system, myelin is formed by
Oligodendrocytes
51
In myelinated axons action potentials
Are propagated only at the nodes of Ranvier.
52
Myelination results in?
Increased speed of conduction. Saltatory conduction. Less work for the sodium potassium pump.
53
What are functions of glial cells?
Storing neurotransmitter, guiding developing axons, assisting the development of synapses.
54
Who discovered that neurons are separate cells with cell membranes NOT in contact with each other?
Ramon y Cajal
55
Who demonstrated that synaptic transmission is chemical?
Loewi
56
What scientific evidence supported the conclusion that chemical signals are used for communication across the synapse in most neurons?
The observation that fluid surrounding the heart of a frog could produce heart rate changes when injected into another frog.
57
When an action potential reaches an axon terminal, ______ ions enter the cell and trigger the release of neurotransmitter.
Ca2+
58
Fast acting receptors involved in muscle activity and sensory processing are referred to as
Ionotropic
59
Under normal circumstances, the neurotransmitter molecules released by a single neuron can
Cause ion channels to open triggering a graded excitatory depolarization (hypopolarization) or hyperpolarization (inhibitory).
60
An IPSP (inhibitory post synaptic potential) will occur if
Potassium or chloride channels open.
61
Action potentials are first produced
At the axon hillock.
62
In order for spatial summation to occur,
Several EPSPs and/or IPSPs must arrive at the same time from different inputs.
63
Acetylcholine is removed from the synapse by
Enzymatic deactivation
64
Neurotransmitters interact with receptor sites like a
Key into a lock.
65
Nicotinic receptors are
Stimulated by acetylcholine and found in the brain and muscles.
66
Are there neurons that are incapable of releasing any neurotransmitter at all?
No
67
Naloxone (NARCAN) is an antagonist at which receptor?
Opiate
68
Sammy has just taken a drug that acts as an agonist at GABA receptors. What is Sammy likely to experience?
Calmness and decreased anxiety.
69
The ability of neurons to carry information is increased by
Varied time intervals of neural bursts.
70
The solution to the problem that chains of single neurons are inadequate to handle the brains tasks is
Neural networks.
71
A _______ is the name for a bundle of neurons in the PNS.
Ganglion
72
The spinal cord is part of the _______ nervous system.
Central
73
What is the largest division of the mature CNS in humans?
Forebrain
74
The space separating the cerebral hemispheres is called the
Longitudinal fissure
75
The surface of the cortex appears gray because it is composed mostly of
Unmyelinated cell bodies
76
In the cortex, a ridge is called a
Gyrus
77
What is the name of the 19th century European anatomist who argued that because women have smaller brains than men, they are less intelligent?
Bischoff
78
Animal species that are the MOST intelligent tend to have
More convolutions on the cortex and proportionately larger forebrain
79
The directional term anterior means
In front of
80
The brain area controlling fine motor movement is located on the____.
Precentral gyrus
81
THe area of the motor cortex devoted to which of the following body areas is probably the smallest: lips, tongue, thumb, thigh.
Thigh
82
Damage to the prefrontal cortex is least likely to result in problems with
Speech comprehension
83
Who was a proponent of lobotomies as a treatment for mental illness?
Freeman
84
THe somatosensory cortex is located in the _______ lobe.
Parietal
85
Identifying objects by touch is a function of the
Parietal association cortex
86
Modern computer studies of the skull of Phineas Gage have revealed the extent of damage to the
Frontal lobes
87
What are some functions of the temporal lobes?
Processing auditory information, language comprehension, and visual identification of objects.
88
Electrical stimulation of the association areas of the temporal lobe may result in the patient experiencing
Vivid memories
89
The occipital lobe processes ______ information.
Visual
90
The thalamus receives information from all of the sensory systems EXCEPT
Smell
91
The hypothalamus is located _____ the thalamus.
Below
92
The ____ is the body's "master" endocrine gland.
Pituitary
93
The sleep inducing hormone melatonin is released by the
Pineal gland
94
What area of the brain can be severed to prevent epileptic seizures and consists of neuron tracts connecting the hemispheres allowing the left side of the brain to share information with the right?
Corpus callosum
95
What are the structures of the brain stem?
Midbrain, pons, medulla
96
Which of the following is not a midbrain structure: superior colliculi, VTA, pons, substantia nigra.
Pons
97
Heart rate and breathing are controlled by the
Medulla
98
A person with damage to the cerebellum may
Have problems with movement
99
The cerebrospinal fluid protects the brain by
Cushioning the brain, removing waste products from the brain, providing nourishment to brain cells
100
The skeletal muscles are MOST directly controlled by the ______ nervous system.
Somatic
101
Which cranial nerve is sometimes considered part of the CNS rather than the PNS?
Optic
102
Following excape from a stressor, for example, once you have finished a presentation in your class, your heart rate will go down, your breathing rate will decrease, and you will start to feel your stomach grumbling. What portion of the nervous system is responsible for these changes?
Parasympathetic
103
The stage of neural development in which axons grow toward their target connections is called
Circuit formation
104
Cell proliferation occurs
In the innermost layer of neural tubes
105
Cells that form a scaffold for neural migration are called
Radial glial cells
106
During the first three weeks after birth, the neurons in a monkey's corpus callosum
Loses 8 million neurons a day
107
Neural plasticity is retained to the greatest extent in adulthood in which brain area?
Cortical association areas
108
What are some of the results of fetal alcohol exposure?
Improper migration of cells, small brain size, mental retardation
109
Teenagers are commonly criticized for being impulsive and not fully considering the consequences of their actions. What portion of their brain might still be undergoing myelination, which can help explain this behavior?
Frontal cortex
110
What are some examples of brain reorganization?
Larger area of the somatosensory cortex devoted to the index finger in people who read braille.
Occipital cortex of people blind from birth responding to somatosensory information.
Phantom limb pain following amputation.
111
Regeneration is least likely to occur in which of the following: CNS of a frog, PNS of a frog, CNS of a mammal, PNS of a mammal.
CNS of a mammal
112
In the adult mammal, neurogenesis is most likely to occur in the
Hippocampus
113
What disorder is caused by blockage of cerebrospinal fluid affecting the development of the CNS and how can it be treated?
Hydrocephalus, a drainage shunt
114
What are some of the potential problems following stroke?
Edema, excitotosis, paralysis.
115
Traumatic brain injury can
Produce Alzheimer-like effects even in young brains.
Include concussion as one of its mild forms.
Be minimized by three weeks of rest.
116
Prescientific psychology approach relied heavily upon?
Logic and intuition.
117
The differential survival of organisms with more adaptive traits is known as?
Natural selection
118
The idea that genes contribute a predisposition for a disorder is called?
Vulnerability.
119
The biological unit that directs cellular processes and transmits inherited characteristics is?
Gene
120
What is biopsychology?
Study of the body and behavior.
121
If Susan has type A blood and John has type B blood what type of blood is it impossible for their children to have?
Type A, Type AB, Type B
122
Deoxyribonucleic acid has a __________ structure.
Double Helix.
123
The human genome project has?
Made a map of the human genes.
124
Phrenology, while proven to be incorrect in principle, led to the idea that __________
functions are distributed and localized
125
After it was learned that electricity is involved in nerve conduction Helmholtz demonstrated that there must be another component by?
Measuring nerve conduction speed.
126
If people from similar environments are sampled, estimates of heritability for traits will be _____ if people from different environments are sampled.
higher than
127
A proposed mechanism for how something works is a?
Model
128
Broca's patient had damage to his
left hemiphere
129
When a phenotype is determined by many genes it is considered?
Polygenic
130
The idea that specific areas of the brain perform specific functions is known as?
Localization
131
The idea that individuals with more adaptive genes are more likely to survive and pass them on is called?
Natural selection.
132
Enzymes (3) are:
Modify chemical reactions in the body, are proteins, are produced by genetic mechanisms
133
An individual’s combination of genes is known as their?
Genotype
134
What is materialistic monism?
The idea that the body, mind, and everything else is physical.
135
Myelin, the fatty tissue that wraps around axons _______________
Increases action potential conduction speed.
136
What type of cells carry information from the body into the central nervous system?
Sensory neurons.
137
The two types of postsynaptic potentials are?
Excitatory and inhibitory.
138
Synaptic transmission is ____________.
Chemical
139
A neuron will fire an action potential when it is
depolarized to its threshold
140
Cell membranes are…
Semi-permeable.
141
_________ combines potentials arriving a short time apart.
Temporal summation.
142
What are the three major types of neurons?
Interneuron, motor neuron, sensory neuron
143
When a neuron is at resting potential, Na+ ions are strongly attracted across the cell membrane because of
Both electrostatic pressure and diffusion
144
A brief time when a neuron cannot fire after an action potential.
Absolute refractory period.
145
The axon terminal contains_______ which it releases to communicate with postsynaptic neurons.
Neurotransmitters.
146
Action potentials are produced at the?
the axon hillock
147
A _________ neuron sends its neurotransmitters across the synapse to the _______ neuron.
Presynaptic; postsynaptic.
148
______________ describes movement of ions from a high concentration to a low concentration.
Diffusion
149
When an action potential arrives at an axon terminal the entry of ___________ stimulates the release of vesicles carrying neurotransmitter.
Calcium
150
The outflow of K+ ions during the refractory period results in
hyperpolarization
151
Acetylcholine is removed from the synapse by?
Enzymatic deactivation
152
__________ allow ions and molecules to pass through the cell membrane.
Channels
153
The growth of axons to and connection to their targets is called ___________?
circuit formation
154
__________ is found in the forebrain. __________ is found in the midbrain. ___________ is found in the hindbrain.
Thalamus, superior colliculi, cerebellum.
155
_______ are undifferentiated cells in the body.
Stem cells.
156
Pathways for sensory-motor reflexes are contained in the__________?
spinal cord
157
A group of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system are called _________ while a group of cell bodies in the central nervous system are called _________.
Ganglion; nucleus.
158
The stages of development in the nervous system include?
Proliferation and Migration.
159
Visual identification of objects is a primary function of?
Inferior temporal cortex.
160
The creation of new neurons is known as?
Neurogenesis
161
When neurons grow toward their target cells and form functional connections they are in which stage of neural development?
Circuit formation.
162
Functions of the hypothalamus include?
Control of emotion and motivated behaviors.
163
Bundles of axons are known as nerves in the _________ and as tracts in the ________.
PNS; CNS.
164
Functions of the prefrontal cortex include (3):
Impulse control, decision making, planning and organization
165
Ventricles are?
Fluid filled cavities in the brain.
166
The groove or space between two gyri is either a ________ or _______?
Sulcus or fissure
167
_________ controls essential processes such as heartbeat and breathing.
Medulla
168
________ enter the spinal cord through the ventral root of the spine while _______ enter through the dorsal root of the spine.
Motor neurons; sensory neurons.
169
The central nervous system is protected by (3)?
Meninges, blood-brain barrier, cerebrospinal fluid
170
When uninjured tissue takes over for lost neurons it is known as?
Compensation
171
Functions of the hypothalamus include?
Control of emotion and motivated behaviors.
