exam 1 Flashcards by Emily Himsel

Vertical plane dividing the body into front and back parts

Coronal plane

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Horizontal plane dividing the body into top and bottom parts

Transverse plane

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Vertical plane dividing the body into equal left and right halves

Midsagittal plane

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]Parallel to midsagittal, but left or right of center, dividing the body into two unequal halves

Sagittal plane

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Passes through the body at an angle

Oblique plane

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Completely encased in bone

Posterior cavity

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Formed by the bones of the cranium, houses the brain

Cranial cavity

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Formed by the bones of the vertebral column, houses the spinal cord

Vertebral cavity

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Not completely encased in bone

Ventral cavity

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Two-layered serous membrane associated with the lungs

Pleural

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Space between the parietal and visceral layers containing serous fluid

Pleural cavity

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Outer layer lines the internal surface of the thoracic wall

Parietal pleura

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Inner layer covers the external surface of the lungs

Visceral pleura

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Median space in the thoracic cavity containing the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels that connect to the heart

Mediastinum

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Two-layered membrane enclosing the heart

Pericardium

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Outer layer, which forms the layer around the heart

Parietal Pericardium

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Forms the heart’s external surface

Visceral Pericardium

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Space between the parietal and visceral layers containing serous fluids around the heart

Pericardial Cavity

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Superior area, contains most of the digestive system organs, kidneys, and most of the ureters

Abdominal Cavity

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Inferior area, near the hip bones; contains the distal part of the large intestine, remainder of ureters and urinary bladder, and internal reproductive organs

Pelvic Cavity

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Two-layered serous membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity

Peritoneum

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Outer layer, which lines the internal walls of the abdominopelvic cavity

Parietal peritoneum

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Inner layer, which covers the external surface of most abdominal and pelvic organs

Visceral peritoneum

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Potential space between the parietal and visceral layers containing serous fluid

Peritoneal cavity

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Abdomen

abdominal

Shoulder

Acromial

Forearm

Antebrachial

Anterior of the elbow

Antecubital

Armpit

Axillary

arm (between shoulder and elbow)

Brachial

cheek

Buccal

wrist

Carpal

Head

Cephalic

neck

Cervical

skull

Cranial

leg

Crural

fingers and toes

Digitals

thigh

Femoral

groin

Inguinal

Breast

mammary

nose

Nasal

mouth

Oral

eye

Orbital

kneecap

Patellar

foot

Pedal

Pelvis

pelvic

sole of the foot

Plantar

anterior region of the anus

Pubic

anterior middle region of the throax

Sternal

Proximal part of the foot and ankle

Tarsal

part of the torso region superior to the thoracic diaphragm

Thoracic

navel

Umbilical

spinal column

Vertebral

front

back

Posterior

toward the back side

Dorsal

toward the belly side

Ventral

closer to the head

Superior

closer to the feet

Inferior

Closer to the point of attachment

Proximal

Farther from the point of attachment

Distal

Toward the midline of the body

Medial

Away from the midline of the body

Lateral

Closer to the outside/external to another structure

Superficial

Closer to the inside/internal to another structure

Deep

Middle region, named for the umbilicus that lines in the center

Umbilical region

Superior to the umbilical region

Epigastric region

Inferior to the umbilical region

Hypogastric region

Inferior to costal cartialges and lateral to the epigastric region

Right and left hypochondriac regions

Lateral to the umbilical region

Right and left lumbar regions

Lateral to the hypogastric region

Right and left iliac regions

Provides protection, regulates body temperature, site of cutaneous receptors and some glands, synthesizes vitamin D, prevents water loss

Integumentary System

Provides support and protection, site of hemopoiesis, stores calcium and phosphorous, provides sites for ligament and muscle attachments

Skeletal System

Produces body movement, generates heat when muscles contract

Muscular System

A regulatory system that controls muscles and some glands, responds to sensory stimuli, and helps control all other systems of the body, responsible for consciousness, intelligence, and memory

Nervous System

Consists of glands and cell clusters that secrete hormones; maintains homeostasis of blood composition and volume, controls digestive processes, and control reproductive functions

Endocrine System

Consists of heart and blood vessels; the heart moves blood through blood vessels in order to distribute hormones, nutrients, gases, and pick up waste products

Cardiovascular System

Transports and filters lymph fluid and may participate in an immune response

Lymphatic System

Responsible for exchange of gases between blood and the air in the lungs

Respiratory System

Filters the blood to remove waste products and biologically active molecules, concentrates waste products in the form of urine, and expels urine from the body

Urinary System

Mechanically and chemically digests food, absorbs nutrients, and expels waste products

Digestive System

Produces male sex cells (sperm) and male hormones (such as testosterone), transports sperm to female

Male Reproductive System

Produces female sex cells (oocytes) and female hormones (estrogen, progesterone...), receives sperm from males, site of fertilization of oocyte, site of growth and development of embryo and fetus, produces and secretes breastmilk for nourishment of newborn

Female Reproductive System

A measure of H+ in a solution; ranges from 0-14

Dissociates in water to produce H+ and an anion; proton donor

Acid

Accepts H+ in solution; proton acceptor

Base

Has equal concentrations of H+ and OH-; pH=7

Neutral

Acts as a catalyst

Enzyme

The substance on which a catalyst acts

Substrate

The part of the enzyme where the catalyst binds

Active Site

The synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simple ones together with the storage of energy

Anabolism

The breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones, together with the release of energy; destructive metabolism

Catabolism

Eyepiece

Ocular Lens

Gathers light and enhances magnification

Objective Lens

Spins to select different objectives lenses

Nosepiece

Where the specimen is is placed for observation

Stage

Connects the eyepiece tube to the piece

Arm

Moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen to focus

Coarse Adjustment Knob

Bring specimen into sharp focus

Fine Adjustment Knob

The light source of a microscope

Lamp

Controls the amount of light reaching the specimen

Iris Diaphragm

Forms outer, limiting barrier separating internal contents from external environment

Plasma Membrane

Cellular contents between the plasma membrane and nucleus

Cytoplasm

Largest structure in the cell, enclosed by a nuclear envelope; contains the genetic material

Nucleus

A small dense spherical structure in the nucleus of a cell during interphase

Nucleolus

Responsible for cellular respiration and production of ATP in the cell

Mitochondrion

Make cellular products like hormones and lipids

Smooth ER

Produces proteins

Rough ER

Bind mRNA and tRNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins

Ribosomes

A complex of vesicles and folded membranes within the cytoplasm, involved in secretion and intracellular transport

Golgi Apparatus

Helps cells move around

Cilia

Enables many protozoa, bacteria, sperm... to swim

Flagella

Transport materials within the plasma membrane

Vesicle

Solution has a higher concentration of solutes

Hypertonic Solution

Solution has a lower concentration of solutes

Hypotonic Solution

Solvent and solute have equal concentrations

Isotonic Solution