Exam 1 Flashcards by Khrystle-Jo Huskey

There is always more ___ inside the cell compared to how much there is outside.

Potassium

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There will always be less ___, ___, and ___, inside the cell compared to outside.

Sodium, chloride, and calcium

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A _____ is a type of carrier that carries two (usually) substances in the same direction across a membrane. Ex. Na+/GLU secondary active transporter

Symporter

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A _____ is a type of carrier that carries two substances in opposite directions across a membrane. Ex Na+/K+ ATPase pump

Antiporters

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_____ only refers to the diffusion if water.

Osmosis

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_____ solutions are solutions with higher amounts (concentrations) of solutes compared to the other solution.

Hypertonic

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_____ solutions are a solution with lower concentrations of solutes compared to the other solution.

Hypotonic

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_____ solutions have the same amount of solutes in both solutions.

Isotonic

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What is the function of epithelial cells?

To protect underlying tissues or structures, make secretions, and control the passage of material

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Simple squamous epithelium that lines body cavities is called:

Mesothelium

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Simple squamous epithelium that lines the heart and blood vessels is called:

Endothelium

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List (and be able to describe) the five types of intercellular connections:

Tight/occluding junctions (forms a waterproof seal), adhesion belt (interwoven structures between two membranes in upper part of cell), (spot) desmosomes, hemidesmosomes (found only on nasal surface), gap junction (allows for passage of materials)

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Modified epithelial cells combined to secrete a specific hormone are called:

Glands

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The glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream or into neighboring cells and modulate internal body processes are called:

Endocrine glands

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The glands that secrete fluids into the epithelial surface of the body and often have ducts are called:

Exocrine glands

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What are the two structural features of an exocrine gland?

Acinus and duct

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List the three types of exocrine gland secretion and describe/picture them:

Merocrine secretion- released by vesicles/exocytosis (ex. Sweat glands)

Apocrine secretion- released by shedding cytoplasm (ex. Mammary gland)

Holocrine secretion- released by whole cells bursting, killing gland cells (ex. Sebaceous gland)

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What is mesenchyme?

Embryonic tissue

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What are the three main types of connective tissue?

Connective tissue proper, supporting connective tissue, and fluid connective tissue

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What does the branch of fluid connective tissue consist of?

Blood and lymph fluid

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What are the two subunits of supporting connective tissue?

Cartilage (semisolid matrix) and bone (solid matrix)

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What are the three types of cartilage (be able to picture and describe them)?

Hyaline- most common/weakest cartilage and doesn’t contain fibers.

Elastic- branched fibers are the main material with lacunae

Fibrocartilage- consists of chondrocyte and densely interwoven collagen fibers that contribute to durability.

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What are the three types of dense connective tissue (be able to picture and describe them)?

Regular CT- long and wavy like wood grain w/o branching. Contains collagen and fibrocyte nuclei

Irregular CT- collagen fiber bundles, fibroblast nucleus, and ground substance extend in several directions (marbled meat)

Elastic CT- looks like dense regular but branched and can be stained black. Contains elastic fibers and has fibroblast nuclei.

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Name the tissue that is good for shock absorption and protection, and support, and is made of a gel like ground substance:

Cartilage

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List the three types of CT proper (be able to picture and describe them):

Areolar- contains elastic and collagen fibers, fibroblasts, and ground substance. It’s airy and spacious. Adipose- round pockets full of fat/triglycerides Reticular- only contains reticular fibers that go in all different directions.

The ground substance of cartilage contains _____ _____.

Chondroitin sulfate

Chondrocytes occupy small spaces within their _____.

Lacunae

_____ is the connective tissue that envelops cartilage where it is not at a joint. The outer fibrous layer is for strength and the inner cellular layer is for growth and maintenance.

Perichondrium

Chon- is the prefix that refers to _____.

Cartilage

The ground substance of bone contains three things:

Collagen fibers, hydroxyapatite, and osteoblasts.

_____ are the small channels through the matrix in bones that access blood supply.

Canaliculi

The tissue covering the bone surface containing a fibrous and cellular layer is called:

Periosteum

List the four types of membranes:

Mucous, serous, cutaneous, and synovial

The connective tissue in a mucous membrane is referred to as _____ _____, but consists of _____ CT.

Lamina propria, areolar

_____ membranes line cavities NOT open to the outside and are perfect thin but incredibly strong. They contain fluid to reduce friction.

Serous

The two “sheets” of a serous membrane are referred to as the _____ portion, which covers the outside/cavity, and the _____ portion, which covers the inside/organs.

Parietal, visceral

_____: lines the pleural cavities and covers the lungs

Pleura

_____: lines the peritoneal cavity and covers abdominal organs.

Peritoneum

_____: lines pericardial cavity and covers the heart.

Pericardium

_____ membranes contain epithelium, areolar tissue, and dense irregular CT. It is thick, waterproof, and dry.

Cutaneous

_____ membrane lacks true epithelium because there are “gaps” in the membrane. It contains a _____ fluid that helps lubricate connection between bones, and it is comprised of areolar tissue and epithelium.

Synovial (x2)

Neural tissue contains two types of neural cells:

Neurons (actual nerve cells) and neuroglia cells (support, repair, and supply nutrients to neurons).

The three major parts of a neuron:

Soma - cell body Dendrites - root like branching extending from soma. It receives information. Axon - long tube like structure extending from soma. It sends info to other cells

The epidermis is composed of what type of epithelium?

Keratinocytes (Keratinized Stratified squamous)

The dermis is composed of what type of tissue?

Dense irregular CT

The hypodermis is comprised of what two types of tissue?

Adipose and areolar CT

List the five layers of the epidermis in order of top most layer to bottom most layer:

Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale.

Stratum basale has ___ layer(s) and contains three types of cells:

1, karatinocytes (tough and water insoluble), melanocytes (containing melanin protein), and tactile cells (send messages to nerve cells/sensitive to touch)

Stratum spinosum is ___ layer(s) thick and contains two types of cells:

8-10, Karatinocytes (tough and water insoluble) and epidermal dendritic (phagocytic immune cells that engulf invading pathogens)

Stratum granulosum is ___ layer(s) thick. This is where _____ begins and the cuboidal shape begins to take on a more _____ like appearance. Cells begin to _____.

3-5, keratinization, squamous, die.

The layer of epidermis that is very thin but only present in thick skinned areas is called:

Stratum lucidium

The top most layer of dead cells that are anucleated and tightly packed is called the stratum _____.

Corneum

The principal tissue layer that includes hair follicles, blood vessels, glands, nail roots, sensory nerve endings, and even smooth muscle tissue is called the _____.

Dermis.

The two layers of the dermis are:

Papillary layer and the reticular layer

The papillary layer of the dermis contains _____ and _____ _____. It is also made up of _____ CT.

Capillaries, sensory receptors, and areolar

What type of CT is the reticular layer of the dermis made up of?

Dense irregular CT **has nothing to do with reticular CT**

Lines of cleavage are:

Parallel bundles of collagen and elastic fibers.

The _____ _____ muscle is what causes goosebumps and hair to stand up on end.

Arrector pili muscle

_____ is the emotional response that causes goosebumps

Frission

What are the two types of exocrine glands in the dermis?

Sebaceous glands and sweat glands

What are the two types of sweat glands and what is the difference between the two?

Merocrine glands (thermal regulation/sweat) and apocrine glands (empty into hair follicles in the armpit, nipples, and genitals)

Serous membranes are composed of what type of epithelium?

Simple squamous

Pleura covers the: - heart - lungs - abdominal organs

Lungs

Peritoneum covers the: - heart - lungs - abdominal organs

Abdominal organs

Pericardium covers the: - heart - lungs - abdominal cavity

Heart