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Pharmacology Physiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(96 cards)

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1
Q

Name three issues associated with OTC medication

A

Can mask symptoms of a more serious condition

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2
Q

Describe the nursing process

A 
Assessment 
Nursing diagnosis 
Nursing plan 
Implementation 
Evaluate implementation
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3
Q

Give examples of what a nursing assessment would entail from history and physical assessment

A 
History 
Gather family history 
Chronic condition 
drug use  
Education level

Physical assessment
weight
height

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4
Q

Define nursing assessment

A

informational collected provides RN w/ facts needed to:

Plan educational and discharge
Arrange consultations
Monitor physical

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5
Q

Define nursing diagnosis

A

focused on the responses to actual or potential health problems or life processes

Changes as a result to health problem facing the patient

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6
Q

Types of nursing diagnosis

A

actual problem - deficient fluid volume

Risk problem - the risk of infection related to the presence of invasive lines

Possible diagnosis - possible malnutrition

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7
Q

Define pharmacotherapeutics

A

the clinical purpose of giving a drug (indication)

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8
Q

Define adverse effect

A

The adverse effect is an unwanted reaction to the medication

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9
Q

Define type A adverse side effect

A

Augmented adverse effects are those that are dose-dependent and predictable

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10
Q

Define type B adverse effect

A

Bizzare independent of dosage, unpredictable, affect a small part of the population

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11
Q

Define drug allergy

A

Type B adverse reaction w/ immune system response

Not predictable
Not associated with dosing
May change over time

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12
Q

4 types of drug allergy

A

Anaphlylaxis
cytotoxic reaction
serum sickness
delayed reaction

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13
Q

Describe Anaphylaxis

A

brought on immediately, immune response

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14
Q

Cytotoxic

A

Antibody-mediated

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15
Q

Define idiosyncratic reaction

A

unusual, not dose-dependent

related to unique composition of pt

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16
Q

Define toxicity

A

negative effects that carry the risk of permanent damage to an organ system

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17
Q

Define teratogenic

A

the capacity of a drug to cause fetal abnormalities

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18
Q

Define PharmacoKinetics

A

the effect of the body on the drug

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19
Q

Name the 4 basic processes of PharmacoKinetics

A

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

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20
Q

Define drug absorption

A

the process in which the drug moves into the bloodstream and tissues

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21
Q

Define passive diffusion

A

Movement of the drug from a higher concentration to a lower concentration w/o the use of additional energy

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22
Q

Define active transport

A

The process of a drug entering a cell w/ additional energy (relies on transport molecules

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23
Q

Define filtration

A

passage of drugs through an aqueous pore in the cell membrane

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24
Q

Name 4 things that can affect absorption

A

Size of molecule
Solubility
Electrical charge
pH of environment

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25
List medication distribution from fastest to slowest (8)
``` IV Inhalation SL Rectal Intramuscular Subcutaneous PO transdermal ```
26
List three barriers to absorption using PO method
pH Food GI mobility
27
Name 3 route of Rx distribution that bypasses 1st effect
rectal IV Buccal
28
Benefit of IV drug administration
Fully absorbed at the site of distribution | Immediate onset
29
The benefit of IM drug administration
absorbed through capillary bed within the muscle
30
How does Subcutaneous Rx administration work
Rx delivered into Fat tissue where it is slowly absorbed into the system
31
Define drug distribution
Movement of drugs through the bloodstream, into the tissues and eventually into the cells
32
Name 3 things that affect drug distribution
Drugs lipid solubility and ionization
33
___ soluable substances are allowed to pass into the CNS
Lipid soluble
34
Are most drugs lipid-soluble or bound to proteins?
they are bound to proteins
35
Do Rx that are tightly bound to proteins Is the work environment collaborative or independent? and why
Slowly in order for drug to get into tissues (then cells) it needs to be released from tissues
36
Loosely bound Rx + Proteins are more likely to
be distributed quickly and excreted quickly
37
Biotransformation is also known as
metabolism
38
Define Biotransformation/metabolism
Transformation of one drug into another substance
39
Which organ is the most important site for drug metabolism?
The liver
40
Define the 1st pass effect
Oral drugs when most or almost all of the drug gets metabolized/ or inactivated before reaching the liver
41
What organ plays the most important role in excretion?
The Kidneys
42
Name 5 routes of drug elimination
Skin Saliva Lungs Bile and feces
43
___ Soluable drugs are extracted from the kidneys through golumar filtration
Water Soluble
44
What can happens if you give a drug to a pt. who has kidney disease?
They can not excrete the RX and it becomes toxic
45
What happens if you give a drug to a pt . who has liver disease
they can not transform the drug appropriately and it becomes toxic
46
Define steady state
point at which the amount of drug being administered and the amount of drug being eliminated balance off.
47
Define pharmacodynamics
effect drug has on the body
48
List 4 ways drugs work
By replacing missing chemicals Increasing cellular activities Slowing cellular activities interfering w/ foreign cells
49
Define agonist
promotes function
50
Define Antagonist
prevents function to lead to no effect by preventing lock and key action
51
Define Agonist type I
binds to same sites as normal functioning chemical does and produces a similar result
52
Define Agonist type II
binds to different receptor sites than its original
53
What are schedule I drugs
NOT acceptable to use (cocaine)
54
What are Schedule II drugs
high potential for abuse (fentanyl)
55
What are schedule III drugs
lower potential for abuse when compared with I and II
56
Define Stomatitis
inflammation of the mucous membranes
57
Autonomic nervous system
aka Involunaty nervous system occurs with little mindful purpose
58
What are the two parts of the autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic | parasympathetic
59
Sympathetic nervous system traits
flight or fight internal (cell) or extenal (learned reactions) works with the endocrine system
60
parasympathetic
rest and digest
61
What happens to the cardiovascular and respiratory system during parasympathetic activation
Cardio activity increases, blood pressure, heart rate and blood flow to skeletal muscle respiration rate increases bronchi dilate pupils dilate Sweating, the hair stands up
62
How does the GI react to the SNS?
No digestion is happening and blood is diverted away from the GI tract
63
Aldosterone retains what element and compound?
Sodium and water
64
Where are alpha1 receptors located?
``` Blood vessels (to increase blood pressure) the iris (pupil dilation) and urinary bladder (closure of internal sphincter) ```
65
Where are Beta1 receptors found?
in the cardiac tissue (increase myocardial activity and increase heart rate) and breakdown of fat
66
Where are Beta2 receptors found?
They are found in the smooth muscle in blood vessels, bronchi, and uterine muscle
67
Starlings law
The more the heart fills, the stronger it will contract (like a pulled rubber band)
68
Name 4 things that determine the hearts use fo O2
HR Preload Afterload Stretch on ventricles
69
What three things are responsible for blood pressure
(Stroke volume * HR) * pulse rate
70
What is cardiac output?
Stroke volume * HR
71
Hypertensive Crisis levels for systolic and diastolic
``` Systolic = over 180 diastolic = 110-1120 ```
72
Angiotensin is released from what organ?
the liver
73
Angiotensin + Renin makes what?
Angiotensin I
74
Renin is released by what organ:?
the Kidney
75
Angiotensin + ACE makes what
Angiotensin II
76
ACE comes from what organ?
Lungs
77
Angiostnsin II + what makes aldosterone
Adrenal gland
78
Aldosterone does what?
Increase reabsorption of Na+, Cl- and H2O Release K+
79
Angiotensin II causes what?
Sympathetic NS response Increase reabsorption of Na+ Cl- and H2O through aldosterone and release of K+ Vasoconstriction to increase Bp simulate ADH from pituitary gland for h2o reabsorption
80
Name the types of drugs used for blood pressure control
``` Vasodilators Antihypertensive drugs Diretics SNS drugs AntiHYPOtensive drugs ```
81
What are the primary transmitters of the Autonomic Nervous System?
Norepinephrine and (NE) Acetylcholine (ACh)
82
Is the Autonomic Nervous system voluntary or involuntary muscle?
Involuntary
83
What are the two types of Autonomic Nervous System?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
84
What are characteristics of the sympathetic nervous system? Name 5 ways your body reacts
Sympathetic is defined as the fight or flight system ``` Lowers blood to the GI track Increase heart rate Dilation in the eyes Dialation in the bronchial Release of glucose ```
85
Whate are charatreristics of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Rest and digest Constricts pupils slows heart relaxes bronchials simulates digestion
86
Which nervous system (sympathetic or parasympathetic) increases the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine?
Sympathetic nervous system
87
What types of nerve receptors are associated with the Sympathetic nervous system?
Androgenic receptors
88
What types of nerve receptors are associated with parasympathetic nervous system?
Cholinergic receptors
89
Where are alpha receptors found?
Smooth Muscle
90
Where are beta-receptors found?
Cardiac cells, lung cells, and vascular smooth muscle
91
Where are Beta 1 receptors found? And what do they do when stimulated?
Cardiac tissue | and they increase heart rate
92
Where are Beta 2 receports found? and what do they do when stimulated?
Smooth muscle (bronchi, uterine)
93
What type of drug is Atenolol? and what makes it unique?
Selective Beta1 blocker it affects the cardiac and cells, slowing down the heart rate and slowing down the heart Contractability
94
-olo signifies what medication
Beta-blocker
95
-osin signifies what medication
Selective Alpha 1-blocker
96
What do Sympattholytic medications do?
Inhibit sympathetic nervous system

Pharmacology Physiology (8 decks)

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