Exam 1!

Question 1

Pharmacology

Answer 1

study of the actions of drugs and effects on living organisms

Question 2

neuropharmacology

Answer 2

study of drug-induced changes in the nervous system

Question 3

Psychopharmacology

Answer 3

emphasizes drug-induced changes in mood, thinking, and behavior

Question 4

drug action

Answer 4

physical changes producedby a drug when it binds to a target site (e.g. enzyme) or neurotransmitter

Question 5

drug effect

Answer 5

drug action alters physiological or psychological functions

Question 6

specific drug effect

Answer 6

based on physical and biochemical interactions of a drug with a target site in living tissue

Question 7

nonspecific drug effect ( kinda like side effects)

Answer 7

based on certain unique characterisitics of the individual (e.g. mood,expectations, perceptions, attitudes) may also be related to the drugs biological action

Question 8

placebo

Answer 8

• can produce physiolgical change
• can produce both therapeutic and side effects
• belief in a drug may produce real physiological effects despite the lack of chemical activity

Question 9

pharmokinetic

Answer 9

what the body does to a drug? (how does your body handle drugs over time)
- the dynamic factors that contribute to bioavailability

Question 10

Bioavailability

Answer 10

amount of the drug in the blood that is free to bind at target sites

Question 11

What organ metabolises (dreaks down) drugs?

Answer 11

liver!!

Question 12

Pharmokinetic factors:

Answer 12

1. routes of administration !!
2. absorption and distribution !!
3. binding
4. inactivation
5. excretion

Question 13

Routes of administration

Answer 13

how quickly drug reaches target tissue

Question 14

Routes of administration

Answer 14

1. oral/rectal
2. intravenous
3. intraperitonal
4. subcutaneous
5. Intramuscular
6. inhalation

Question 15

Blood circulation

Answer 15

1. deoxgenated = blue color flowing to lungs to absorb oxygen
2. from lungs to heart
3. oxygen- heme/iron = red color flowing to organs

Question 16

first pass effect (first past metabolism)

Answer 16

is a phenomenon of drug metabolism whereby concentration of a drug specifically when administered orally is greatly reduced before it reaches the systemic circulation

Question 17

Oral administration

Answer 17

1. benefits: safe, self-administered, economical
2. considerations: degradation by stomach acids and enzymes
   - many factors can influence plasma concentrations (example: absorption and first pass metabolism)

Question 18

absorption

Answer 18

movement of drug from site of administration to the blood circulation

Question 19

Factors that CAN influence absorption:

Answer 19

1. food in stomach
2. type of food
3. physical activity
4. metabolism

Question 20

First pass metabolism (his definition)

Answer 20

chemical alteration of a drug by the liver prior to reaching brain, heart
- other methods by-pass liver

Question 21

rectal administration

Answer 21

• the drug aviods first pass metabolism depending on placement
• used in infants, those incapable of taking drugs

Question 22

Intravenous injection (IV)

Answer 22

1. pros: most RAPID and accurate method
2. cons: rapid onset offers little time to correct on overdose or allergic reaction
   - drug cannot be removed from body

Question 23

Inhalation

Answer 23

1. drug is absorbed very rapidly from the lungs

2. psychoactive drug effect is rapid (nicotine, THC in marijuana, crack cocaine)

Question 24

intranasal administration

Answer 24

1. local effects: such as reliving nasal congestion
2. systemic effects - allergy relief
3. by passes blood brain barrier: produces high brain concentrations
4. full absorption can occur in 15 mins!

Question 25

important factor in determining plasma drug:

Answer 25

the rate of passage through cell membrane

Question 26

passive diffusion

Answer 26

- means by which lipid soluble drugs can pass through the cell membrane - movement is in direction from high to low concentration - the larger the concentration gradient, the faster the diffusion

Question 27

Other factors that affect absorption and distrubution:

Answer 27

- rate stomach empties - size and sex of individual - frequency and history of prior drug use - blood brain barrier

Question 28

Blood brain barrier

Answer 28

barrier around blood supply that prevents potential toxins from getting out of blood stream into central nervous system

Question 29

teratogens

Answer 29

is any agent that causes an abnormality following fetal exposure during pregnancy.

Question 30

drug depot

Answer 30

a drug can get absorbed where we do not want it to get absorbed

Question 31

Drug depots

Answer 31

- binding can occur at inactive sites - can include proteins in blood supply, muscle, and HAIR AND LIPIDS - depot binding prevents drug from reaching its target

Question 32

half life

Answer 32

time it takes for 50% of the drug in blood supply to be metabolize (broken down by liver)

Question 33

99% of drugs are metabolized by liver

Answer 33

first order kinetics

Question 34

drugs are eliminated vis biotransformation (metabolism) and metabolizes are excreted

Answer 34

excertion

Question 35

biotransformation

Answer 35

the alteration of a substance within the body

Question 36

zero order kinetics

Answer 36

molecules are cleared at a constant rate regardless of concentration

Question 37

enzyme induction

Answer 37

repeated use of drugs increases # of enzymes and speeds metabolism

Question 38

drug tolerance and cross tolerance

Answer 38

drugs lose effectiveness with repeated use

Question 39

pharmodynamics

Answer 39

physiological and biochemical interaction of drug molecules with cell receptors in target tissue - how drugs alter the body

Question 40

receptors

Answer 40

proteins in the bi-lipid plasma membrane

Question 41

ligand

Answer 41

molecule that binds to a receptor with some selectivity

Question 42

molecular docking

Answer 42

a computational elimination of 3 dimensional interactions and receptor

Question 43

efficacy

Answer 43

desired effect that a drug can produce regardless of dose

Question 44

potentcy

Answer 44

amount of a drug that is needed to produce the desired effect

Question 45

agonist

Answer 45

binds to receptor and activates it to produce biological response

Question 46

antagonist

Answer 46

blocks the activity of any receptor

Question 47

partial agonist

Answer 47

binds to sit, activates it, but produces an effect that is lessen then endogenous ligand or a full agonist - chantix

Question 48

competitive antagonist

Answer 48

bind to same site on receptor as agonist, but blocks agonist -inhibition can be overcame by increasing agonist

Question 49

noncompetitive antagonist

Answer 49

bind to a different site on a neuron than an agonist (any where but the receptor site) - inhibition cannot be overcome by increasing concentration of agonist