EXAM 1

Question 1

Morphogenesis

Answer 1

Tissue Shape and Organization

Question 2

Organogenesis

Answer 2

Formation of organs (Kidneys.. etc.)

-Cell Types and Differentiation

Question 3

How are Hox Genes expressed

Answer 3

Anterior to Posterior, produces new function in Novel structure

Question 4

4 Primary species in use today

Answer 4

Mouse, Zebrafish, Fruit fly, Nematode

Question 5

Gastrulation

Answer 5

When ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm move inside via the blastopore
-Dorsal blastopore lip is organizer

Question 6

Neurulation

Answer 6

Differentiation of NS Stem Cells

-Morphogenesis of Neural Tube

Question 7

Karl Earnst von Baer’s Findings

Answer 7

General features of a large group arise early in development, specific features arise later from the earlier established general features

Question 8

Specification

Answer 8

The cell is capable of becoming the correct type, but can be influenced to become other cell types- not yet committed to a specific cell type (blastula stage)
-Changing gene expression over development

Question 9

Determination

Answer 9

The cell is irreversibly committed to becoming the correct cell type (Specified Muscle, Nerve…etc. Cell)

Question 10

Differentiation

Answer 10

The cell stops dividing and begins expressing cell-type specific genes

Question 11

Autonomous Specification

Answer 11

The cell has enough info to become the correct cell without input or signals from other cells (knows what cell it will become)

Question 12

Cytoplasmic determinants

Answer 12

During egg formation, mRNA or proteins are concentrated in specific intracellular locations

Question 13

Asymmetric Cell division

Answer 13

Determinants segregate into just 1 daughter cell

Question 14

(T/F) Early embryonic cells always give rise to the same tissue

Answer 14

True, because they have autonomous specification. Cell determinants in each cell provide their own instructions.

Question 15

What is the only system that doesn’t form due autonomous specification?

Answer 15

Nervous system

Question 16

Conditional Specification

Answer 16

When cells require input or signals from other cells (not determined-can be modified)

Question 17

How are cells specified in most animals?

Answer 17

A mix of autonomous and conditional specification

Question 18

Syncytium

Answer 18

Single cell with many nuclei (muscle cell..etc.) no cytokinesis during mitosis

Question 19

Epiblast

Answer 19

Totipotent embryonic stem cells

Question 20

Nucleosome

Answer 20

Approx. 140 bp of DNA wrapped around 8 histone proteins

Question 21

Puffs

Answer 21

DNA unwound from histones and accessible for transc.

Question 22

Myostatin

Answer 22

Negative regulator of muscle growth

Question 23

miRNA (micro)

Answer 23

Small, non-protein coding RNAs that bind to mRNAs to regulate their stability and translation

Question 24

Care-LoxP

Answer 24

Same as Crisper-Cas9 (bacteria) but used fro vertebrates

Question 25

Juxtacrine Signalling

Answer 25

Cell communication where cells are bound to each other through the same or different proteins

Question 26

Paracrine signalling

Answer 26

Cell communication where one cell produces a protein in the form of a ligand and that protein diffuses are activates another cell not far from it

Question 27

Transduction

Answer 27

Receptor changes behavior of intracellular proteins (protein phosphorylation, second messengers..)

Question 28

Cell affinity

Answer 28

Cell adhesion molecules hold tissues together, stronger affinity -> inside, weaker -> outside

Question 29

Cadherins

Answer 29

Very common cell adhesion molecule, extracellular domains bind to transmembrane proteins and intracellular domains bind to actin microfilaments

Question 30

Proteoglycans

Answer 30

Make up the ECM (elastins, integrins..etc.)

Question 31

Induction; Competence

Answer 31

One group of cells produces a signal that changes the behavior of a nearby group of cells Competence- the ability of a cell or tissue to respond to an inducer (has the correct receptors)

Question 32

Reciprocal Induction

Answer 32

2 tissues signal back and forth Optic vehicle -> lens Lens -> Retina Retina -> Final lens structure

Question 33

Effect of morphogen

Answer 33

Cells closer to the morphogen-secreting paracrine cell have significantly higher amounts and change much more drastically than cells further

Question 34

FGF RTKs (Fibroblast Growth Factors)

Answer 34

Vertebrates have 2 dozen FGFs, FGFs bind to RTKs to dimerize them, Receptor mutations can result in many developmental diseases -FGFs also activate JAK/STAT pathway

Question 35

Wnt Bound pathway

Answer 35

Allows Beta-Catenin to not be ubiquitinated. If not turned off, Beta- Catenin can build up in the brain and leads to overproduction of stem cells and neurons

Question 36

Multipotent Stem Cells

Answer 36

Can produce as many cell types in a tissue

Question 37

Committed and Progenitor Stem Cells

Answer 37

Committed SC produce a small number of progenitor types, Progenitor SC produce a small number of differentiated cells

Question 38

Hematopoesis

Answer 38

Production of Blood cells in bone marrow

Question 39

Growth Factors

Answer 39

Block movement of cells from Determination -> Differentiation pathway

Question 40

Imprinting

Answer 40

Genes on Paternal and Maternal Chromosomes have different methylation patterns, in germ cells, imprinting is erased and haploid gametes have sex-appropriate imprinting, leading to a biallelically expressed gene (Mom and dad’s copy are equally expressed)

Question 41

Difference of Pluripotent, Multipotent, and Totipotent SCs

Answer 41

Totipotent- A pluripotent cell that can ALSO give rise to BOTH the placenta and the embryo Pluripotent- The ability to become any cell type in the body Multipotent- Form as Pluripotent cells become more specialized (most specific)