Exam 1 Flashcards
(87 cards)
1
Q
Personality
A
organization of enduring behavior patterns that distinguish us from one another
- emphasis on distinctiveness and uniqueness
- assumed to be consistent and predictable
2
Q
What does the word personality come from
A
the word “Persona” which means mask.
- implies personality is a cover, what we show to others
3
Q
Who thought personality came from biological factors such as blood
A
hippocrates
4
Q
Why a need for personality theories?
A
- Self-understanding
- Understand others
- Human intrigue
- Prediction
- Help people
5
Q
- self-understanding
A
can be useful for career choice, change your behavior
6
Q
- Prediction
A
predict how ppl will act/behave, when your basic needs aren’t met, you may do things you otherwise never would
7
Q
Personality theories
A
- developmental
- learning
- perception
- abnormal
- social
8
Q
Issues addressed by good personality theories
A
- personality structure
- what motivates human behavior
- how does personality develop
- what determines personality disturbance
- how can personality change
- what are characteristics of a healthy personality
9
Q
personality structure
A
how stable is the personality, stable character, simple v. complex
10
Q
what motivates human behavior
A
“I hung out with a friend because I felt bad for ghosting him”
- internal v. external motivation
11
Q
How does personality develop
A
stages, continuous, milestones
nature v. nurture
12
Q
stages
A
psychosexual -> need to achieve 1 stage before you move to the next
13
Q
continuous
A
occurs gradually
ex. memory, “adulting”
14
Q
milestones
A
dont need to master one stone before moving to the next, don’t need to be in order
15
Q
Nature v. nurture
A
- “reaction range”
- environment determines where you fall, heredity sets all standards/perameters (ex. height)
16
Q
what determines personality disturbance
A
childhood conflict, society, punishment v. reward
anger can be a learned behavior
17
Q
how can personality change
A
insight v. unlearn behavior
18
Q
Personality Stability and Change
A
- personality psych addresses change (development) and stability (ppl change over time and stay the same)
19
Q
Causes of Personality Stability
A
- temperament
- environment
- early experiences (that affect personality)
- P x E (person/environment interactions)
20
Q
- temperament
A
has to do with positive/negative feelings
ex. peaceful babies = peaceful adults
21
Q
- environment
A
out of our control
ex. economic status grown up in, urban v. rural
22
Q
- early experiences
A
many emergefrom situations with strong personalities
ex. parents divorcing, bullied
23
Q
- PxE (person/environment interactions)
A
situations you seek out v. avoid
ex. why are you drawn to your major
24
Q
Personality Change
A
- Maturity Principle
- Social Investment Change
- Personality change is possible
25
maturity principle
personality changes in response to responsibilities
26
social investment change
the roles you take on
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personality change is possible
ex. you can work on responsibility by not waiting until last minute to do assignment
28
Continuity of Aging
personality now is what it was, but even stronger
| - become what we already are
29
Personality Assessment
objective tests
| projective tests
30
objective tests
multiple choice, true/false (forced choice)
31
projective tests
hidden drives, dreams, fears, thoughts
| - unconscious proccess, ambiguous stimulus
32
Basic Assumptions of Human Nature
1. freedom v. determinism
| 2. rationality v. irrationality
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freedom v. determinism
- who is in charge of our behavior? are we controlled by something else?
- ex. gambling, addiction
34
rationality v. irrationality
extent taht rational thought influences behavior
| ex. wearing mask bc science or bc fear
35
Freud's creation of dynamic psychology
went to paris, witnessed charcot hypnotize women with hysteria
- called it "catharsis"
Personality fueled by "Psychic Energy"
36
catharsis
relief of symptoms through expression of emotions
| - most are unconscious (release unconscious emotions through conscious activities)
37
Personality fueled by "Psychic Energy"
instinct -> arousal -> tension
38
instinct
fuel psychic energy, causes physical arousal, leads to tension, causes psychic energy
- obey instincts and release tension
- implies personality is biologically based
39
Levels of consciousness
1. conscious
2. preconscious
3. unconscious
40
conscious
present awareness
41
preconscious
available memory
| ex. what you did last weekend
42
unconscious
thoughts, feelings, wishes, memories we're unaware of
43
Personality Structures
- are hypothetical
- fueled by instincts and psychic energy
1. ID
2. Ego
3. Superego
44
ID
- inborn, houses instincts, creates tension, raw, primitive
- opperates according to "pleasure principle"
- "it" in latin (objectifies)
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pleasure principle
find pleasure, avoid pain
| pleasure = decreased tension
46
2 ID processes
1. reflex action
| 2. wish fulfilment
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reflex action
reflex we have to relieve tension
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wish fulfilment
when we can't fulfil needs, we daydream about it
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Ego
- gratify ID desires in conjunction w/ reality (takes reality into consideration
- "reality principle"
- "secondary process"
50
reality principle
postpones ID desires until appropriate time and place
| - ex. party v. study
51
secondary process
problem solving, thinking, battle btn ID and Ego
52
Superego
morals and conscience (guilty)
- comes from our parents, child integrates parents' standards of right/wrong
- starts by wanting to avoid punishment and then develops
- battle between ID and SE even stronger
53
2 subsystems of superego
1. ego-ideal
| 2. conscience
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ego-ideal
concepts of moral goodness, instilled thru rewards
| ex. rewarded for helping teacher
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conscience (superego subsystem)
concepts of moral wrong/bad, instilled thru punishment
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what do we want ego to do
moderate between id and superego
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large id, small ego and small se
person is reckless
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large se, small ego and small id
person constantly appologetic, always feels guilty
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large ego, small se and small id
person is realistic and dry, doesn't enjoy life
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what are the instincts
1. death instincts
| 2. life instincts
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death instincts
unconscious instinct, expressed consciously through things we do (any kind of risky behavior) ex. aggression
- thanatos (death wish), desire to return to earth/organic matter
- motivated to avoid pain -> death is ultimate pain reliever
62
Life instincts
libido
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libido
energy used by life instincts
- libidmal energy invested in an object that will satisfy a need (cathexis)
|_ anticathexis
64
anticathexis
formed by ego and se to restarain cathexis
ex. dad hits kid, kid fantasizes hitting dad back (cathexis). anticathexis prevents him from hitting dad back
- original cathexis "displaced" onto safer object (kid hits toys instead of dad, feels anger but also anxiety)
65
Anxiety
- sign of a threat, our personality is being threatened to some extent ("anxiety thermostat")
- feeling of anxiety is conscious, yet cause is often unconscious
66
Primary Anxiety
child's inability to master internal and external excitations
- baby goes from womb to having to use functions in new environment
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3 types of anxiety
1. reality
2. moral anxiety
3. neurotic anxiety
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reality anxiety
source in external world
| ex. pop quiz
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moral anxiety
superego; guilt/shame
| - when we've done something wrong or think of doing something wrong
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neurotic anxiety
- don't know why we feel anxious
| - fear Ego and SE will lose control of ID
71
dont know why we feel anxious
according to freud, id wants to do something but ego and se hold it back
72
how is neurotic anxiety manifested
1. phobia
2. free-floating anxiety
3. panic
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phobia
manifestation of death instinct
- we unconsciously want what the phobia represents
- ego and se develop phobia to prevent death instinct (anticathexis)
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panic
if ego and se fail, id bursts forth
75
how do we deal with anxiety
defense mechanisms
76
defense mechanisms
- problem solving strategies to defend against open ID
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how do defense mechanisms work
1. blocking impulse
2. distorting impulse
- ex. disliking someone but killing them with kindness
78
types of defense mechanisms
1. repression
2. projection
3. sublimation
4. reaction formation
5. displacement
6. rationalization
7. regression
79
repression
- obstruct expression of unconscious instinct
ex. repressed memory activation
- what happens to repressed material?
80
what happens to repressed material?
- exist unchanged
- force its way thru anticathexis of ego and se
- expressed thru displacement
- repression may lift
81
projection
unacceptable impulses attributed to others
- taking quality u have and project onto other ppl
- unconscious way of expressing anger over our own qualities by projecting onto others
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sublimation
unacceptable impulses channeled in a form that is socially acceptable
83
reaction formation
repress an unacceptable impulse and express its opposite
84
displacement
unwanted thought/feeling is redirected onto a safer substitute
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rationalization
give a rational but incorrect excuse for behavior/thoughts that cause anxiety
86
regression
retreat from anxious conflict to an earlier developmental stage
- do something that made u feel comfort at an earlier state (ex. moving back with parents after graduating)
87
criticisms of freuds theory
1. reliance upon case studies
2. concepts were vaguely defined
3. didn't distinguish b/n observation and inference
4. lack of testability
5. difficulty w/ use of symbols
6. influence and zeitgeist
7. pessimistic
8. "post-dictive"
