Exam 1

Question 1

Cells of the Nervous System

Answer 1

1. neurons

2. glial cells

Question 2

neurons

Answer 2

receive and transmit electrochemical signals

Question 3

glial cells

Answer 3

various types, provide a wide variety of supportive functions

Question 4

what are the 3 components to a neuron

Answer 4

1. cell body or soma
2. dendrites
3. axon

Question 5

Neurons _____ info across small spaces, _____ receives info

Answer 5

send; dendrites

Question 6

cell body/soma

Answer 6

contains genetic material in nucleus, providing nutrients that cell needs

Question 7

dendrites

Answer 7

receive info from adjacent neurons, membrane has receptors where info is transferred

Question 8

axon

Answer 8

1. transmits info into nearby neurons
2. thin fiber of constant diameter, only 1 per neuron
3. at end of axon: presynaptic terminals

Question 9

several axons running together

Answer 9

nerve (when outside the brain) or tract (when inside the brain)

Question 10

presynaptic terminals

Answer 10

the point at which neurotransmitters are released and signal is passed to another neuron

Question 11

synapse

Answer 11

gap between adjacent neurons through which signals are sent (space between neurons)

Question 12

three types of neurons

Answer 12

1. sensory neurons
2. interneurons
3. motor neurons

Question 13

sensory neurons

Answer 13

convey sensory info to brain

- bring sensory info from body to brain (what we see, hear, etc.)

Question 14

interneurons

Answer 14

carry out operations involved in thought, feeling, and planning action

Question 15

motor neurons

Answer 15

transmit commands out into the body to control muscles and organs

Question 16

afferent

Answer 16

bring info into a structure (the brain) (admission)

Question 17

efferent

Answer 17

carry info away from a structure (exit)

Question 18

Glia

Answer 18

provide important roles

serve as a support system

Question 19

types of glia

Answer 19

1. astrocytes
2. microglia
3. oligodendrocytes
4. schwann cells

Question 20

astrocytes

Answer 20

largest, many functions

- humans have 1.4x astrocytes per neuron

Question 21

microglia

Answer 21

involved in response to injury/disease
smallest
increase in microglia in altzheimers

Question 22

oligodendrocytes

Answer 22

responsible for producing myelin, in brain/spinal cord

Question 23

schwann cells

Answer 23

responsible for producing myelin, rest of nervous system

Question 24

multiple sclerosis

Answer 24

immune system attacks the myelin surrounding axons, death of oligodendrocytes
- sensory info isnt getting in because myelin isnt sending info to motor neurons, signaling speed is low
(demyelination of axons)

Question 25

grey matter

Answer 25

cell bodies (and dendrites), generally outside of brain

Question 26

white matter

Answer 26

axons (generally outside the brain)

Question 27

the central nervous system

Answer 27

outer service is cortex = mostly the cell bodies of neurons includes the brain and spinal cord 2nd part is peripheral nervous system

Question 28

2nd part is peripheral nervous system

Answer 28

- nervous tissue outside the skull and spine - serves to bring info into the CNS and carry signals out of the CNS - somatic

Question 29

peripheral nervous system

Answer 29

somatic, system out of the body, conveys sensory info into CNS from body - conveys motor commands from CNS to muscles cranial nerves bell's palsy somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system

Question 30

cranial nerves

Answer 30

movement in different areas | - some bring in sensory info, eye movement, tongue, neck

Question 31

bell's palsy

Answer 31

swelling compression of the 7th cranial nerve on one side | - twitching, paralysis, drooling, drooping eyelid/mouth

Question 32

somatic nervous system

Answer 32

``` afferent nerves (sensory) efferent nerves (motor) ```

Question 33

autonomic nervous system

Answer 33

sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves -> generally have opposite effects - both are efferent - sympathetic: "fight/flight" (controlling internal organs) parasympathetic nerves rest and restore, rest and digest, slow down heart, when you're not stressed

Question 34

spinal cord

Answer 34

``` neurons in central nervous system don't come back - cell bodies don't come back cervical spinal cord thoracic spinal cord lumbar sacral ```

Question 35

thoracic spinal cord

Answer 35

branches out to torso and inner arms

Question 36

lumbar

Answer 36

fronts of legs

Question 37

sacral

Answer 37

backs of legs and genetalia

Question 38

spinal cord injury

Answer 38

football player kevin everett was initially paralyzed from shoulders down, spine fractures but spinal cord not severed

Question 39

gyrus

Answer 39

ridges/grooves

Question 40

fissure

Answer 40

large groove (separates the brain)

Question 41

telencephalon

Answer 41

cerebral cortext - lateral fissure: groove that separates the frontal and temporal lobes - central fissure/sulcus: a groove that separates the frongal and parietal lobes - longitudinal fissure: a groove that separates left from right side - corpus callosum: connects 2 hemispheres

Question 42

4 lobes of cerebral cortex

Answer 42

1. frontal 2. parietal 3. temporal 4. occipital

Question 43

frontal

Answer 43

motor function, decision making | - prefrontal: higher executive functioning (ex. emotional regulation)

Question 44

lobotomies

Answer 44

1940s and 1950s | disconnect prefrontal cortex from rest of the brain

Question 45

parietal

Answer 45

somatosensory, sensation of our body, responsibility in touch

Question 46

temporal

Answer 46

auditon, emotion

Question 47

occipital

Answer 47

vision

Question 48

Subcortical Structures of the Telencephalon

Answer 48

limbic system, basal ganglia

Question 49

limbic system

Answer 49

feeding, fighting, fleeing, fucking | includes hippocampus, mammillary bodies, amygdala, fornix, cingulate cortex septum

Question 50

basal ganglia

Answer 50

motor

Question 51

Diencephalon

Answer 51

helps us use senses together thalamus; sensory nuclei hypothalamus: motivated behaviors, control hormone release

Question 52

mesencephalon

Answer 52

audition, vision, analgesia, sensorimotor

Question 53

metencephalon

Answer 53

pons, cerebellum, coordination