Exam 1

Question 1

Viewing infants as tabula rasas suggests that ___.

Answer 1

experience will mold infants

Question 2

The French philosopher, Jean Jacques Rousseau, believed that ___.

Answer 2

infants were born with an innate sense of justice and morality

Question 3

___ theory states that child development occurs according to a prearranged scheme or plan within the body.

Answer 3

Maturational

Question 4

When a particular type of learning can take place only during a specific time period, not before or after that period, there is a ___ for learning that behavior.

Answer 4

critical period

Question 5

According to Freud, the id ___.

Answer 5

wants immediate gratification of bodily desires

Question 6

According to Freud, the moral agent in a child’s personality is the ___.

Answer 6

superego

Question 7

Erikson proposed a ___ theory in which development consists of a sequence of stages, each defined by a unique crisis or challenge.

Answer 7

psychosocial

Question 8

B.F. Skinner is most closely associated with which concept?

Answer 8

operant conditioning

Question 9

Jean Piaget is associated with the ___ theory.

Answer 9

cognitive-developmental

Question 10

Which of the following is true of sampling behavior with tasks?
A. Sampling behavior with tasks may not really sample the behavior of interest.
B. Sampling behavior with tasks might lead some children to provide socially acceptable answers.
C. Sampling behavior with tasks can be used to observe behavior directly.
D. Sampling behavior with tasks isn’t a popular method because it isn’t convenient to use.

Answer 10

A. Sampling behavior with tasks may not really sample the behavior of interest.

Question 11

A fertilized egg contains ___ pairs of chromosomes.

Answer 11

23

Question 12

The complete set of genes that makes up a person’s heredity is called ___.

Answer 12

a genotype

Question 13

When phenotypes are caused by the combined effect of many separate genes, the pattern of inheritance is referred to as ___.

Answer 13

polygenic inheritance

Question 14

___ is an inherited disorder caused by an extra 21st chromosome that results in mental retardation.

Answer 14

Down syndrome

Question 15

A female who has normal stature but delayed language and motor development could have what disorder?

Answer 15

XXX syndrome

Question 16

When alleles in a chromosome pair are identical, they are said to be ___.

Answer 16

homozygous

Question 17

Twins that come from a single fertilized egg that splits in two are called ___.

Answer 17

monozygotic twins

Question 18

The term reaction range refers to the concept that ___.

Answer 18

one genotype can lead to different phenotypes

Question 19

If a trait is strongly influenced by genetic factors you would expect to find that ___.

Answer 19

adopted children resemble their biological parents more than their adoptive parents on that trait

Question 20

Which pair has the most genes in common?
A. fraternal twins
B. mother and daughter
C. brother and sister
D. identical twins

Answer 20

D. identical twins

Question 21

The period from conception to birth normally lasts on average ___ weeks.

Answer 21

38

Question 22

Immediately after conception, a fertilized egg is referred to as ___.

Answer 22

a zygote

Question 23

Near the center of a zygote is a small cluster of cells called the ___, which will eventually develop into a baby.

Answer 23

germ disc

Question 24

Three layers called the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm form in the developing organism during the period of the ___.

Answer 24

embryo

Question 25

The age of viability refers to the ___.

Answer 25

age at which a fetus has a chance to survive if born

Question 26

``` Which of the following is not a general risk factor for prenatal development? A. nutrition B. stress C. ethnic background D. mother's age ```

Answer 26

C. ethnic background

Question 27

When pregnant women do not consume enough folic acid, they are likely to have babies born with ___.

Answer 27

spina bifida

Question 28

Any agent that causes abnormal prenatal development is referred to as ___.

Answer 28

a teratogen

Question 29

Which of the following statements is true of the influence of teratogens on prenatal development? A. Damage from teratogens is always evident at birth. B. The timing of exposure to a teratogen is important. C. Teratogens have widespread, not specific, effects on prenatal development. D. If a teratogen is harmful to one species of mammals it will be harmful to all species of mammals.

Answer 29

B. The timing of exposure to a teratogen is important.

Question 30

During childbirth, the baby emerges from the mother's body at the end of the ___ stage of labor.

Answer 30

second

Question 31

Physical growth is ___.

Answer 31

rapid during infancy, slow during childhood, and rapid during adolescence

Question 32

The body's muscle fibers ___.

Answer 32

become longer and thicker during childhood

Question 33

Cartilage turns to bone ___.

Answer 33

first in the center and later in the ends of the cartilage structure

Question 34

Which of the following accurately describes secular growth trends over the last 100 years? A. Adults and children are heavier today but no taller than in previous generations. B. Adults and children have the same average height and weight today as they did in previous generations. C. Adults and children are lighter and shorter today than in previous generations. D. Adults and children are heavier and taller today than in previous generations.

Answer 34

D. Adults and children are heavier and taller today than in previous generations.

Question 35

The adolescent growth spurt ___.

Answer 35

usually begins earlier for girls than for boys

Question 36

Early maturation usually ___.

Answer 36

can be harmful for girls but not boys

Question 37

In the U.S. children over one year of age are most likely to die from ___.

Answer 37

accidents

Question 38

The ___ receives input from neurons, whereas the ___ sends information from other dendrites.

Answer 38

dendrite, | axon

Question 39

The right hemisphere of the brain controls ___. A. planning ability B. the perception of spatial relationships C. the ability to produce and understand language D. reasoning ability

Answer 39

B. the perception of spatial relationships

Question 40

Synaptic pruning refers to the ___.

Answer 40

disappearance of neurons

Question 41

Consider the following: A study is conducted to investigate the potential impact that social media has on children’s grades in school. If the study determines that spending time on social media causes grades to go down, then the research method used was (experimental/correlational).

Answer 41

experimental

Question 42

Consider the following: A study is conducted to investigate the potential impact that social media has on children’s grades in school. If the study determines there is a relationship between time spent on social media and grades, then the research method used was (experimental/correlational).

Answer 42

correlational

Question 43

Consider the following: A study is conducted to investigate the potential impact that social media has on children’s grades in school. If it is determined that grades go down as time spent on social media goes up, then there is a (positive/negative) correlation between social media and grades.

Answer 43

negative

Question 44

Consider the following: A study is conducted to investigate the potential impact that social media has on children’s grades in school. If it is determined that no relationship exists between grades and time spent on social media, then there is (no/a negative) correlation between grades and time on social media.

Answer 44

no

Question 45

Consider the following: A study is conducted to investigate the potential impact that social media has on children’s grades in school. If the study was conducted in the children's homes and schools, then the research design would include (realistic/naturalistic) observation.

Answer 45

naturalistic

Question 46

Consider the following: A study is conducted to investigate the potential impact that social media has on children’s grades in school. If the study was conducted in the researcher's laboratory, then the research design would include (scripted/structured) observation.

Answer 46

structured

Question 47

Consider the following: A study is conducted to investigate the potential impact that social media has on children’s grades in school. If the study included measuring children's heart rate while they were on social media, then the research design would include (physiological measures/biological mechanisms).

Answer 47

physiological measures

Question 48

Consider the following: A study is conducted to investigate the potential impact that social media has on children’s grades in school. If the study included asking children about use of social media, then the research design would include (self-report/unbiased).

Answer 48

self-report

Question 49

Consider the following: A study is conducted to investigate the potential impact that social media has on children’s grades in school. If the study led to similar results consistently over time, it would demonstrate its (validity/reliability).

Answer 49

reliability

Question 50

Consider the following: A study is conducted to investigate the potential impact that social media has on children’s grades in school. If the study accurately measured the impact of social media on children's grades, it would have (validity/reliability).

Answer 50

validity