Exam 1 Flashcards by Jocie Reynolds

What are the geochemical layers in increasing depth

crust, mantle, core

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What are the physical layers in increasing depth

lithosphere, asthenosphere, lower mantle, outter core, inner core

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What is the lithosphere

crust + upper mantle = Plate

rigid layer 100 km thick

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What is the asthenosphere

with in the mantle, mushy, can flow

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Continental crust bs oceanic crust

continental crust: 30 -35 lm thick , grainte, lower density

oceanic crust: 7km thick, basalt, higher density

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What are the three types of plate boundaries

convergent, divergent, transform

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Why do plates move

convection cells

hot material rises and cold material sinks

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Which crust is younger ocean or continental?

ocean crust is younger
ocean crust is zero at active spreading centers
ocean crust is younger because it is being destroyed at subduction zones and continental is not being destroyed

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what happens with convergent plate boundaries?

One plate is being pulled underneath another
ocean plate weighs more that continental plate is being pulled underneath
*destroys ocean crust
* trench

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What happens with divergent plate boundaries?

Ocean crust is being created plates are moving apart (away).

spreading center
ridge/ rift

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What happens at transform plate boundaries

Plates are sliding by

Example: San Andreas

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What are hot spots?

areas of convection and hot magma
rising heat in mantle cause convection in the mantle
the bottom of the plate melts and the the magma rises to form islands

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Examples of hotspots

Yellowstone, Hawaii, Galapagos

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Ocean/ Continent subduction zone

create continental crust and destroys ocean crust
creates andesite and leads to strato volcanoes

Examples: Aleutian trench, middle american, peru chilie trench, sundra trench and java trench

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Ocean/Ocean subduction zone

destroys ocean and creates ocean crust, creates basalt, and leads to shield volcanoes
Pacific has the fastest spreading zone because of the ring of fire
Examples: mid Atlantic ridge and Riff valley

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What are the three types of volcanoes

strato, shield, and caldera

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What are characteristics of shield volcanoes

Oceanic crust 
basalt = hot and liquidy
not steep sides 
lava flows 
not hazardous 
not explosive
continuous eruptions 
settings: ocean crust, ocean/ocean subduction zones, spreading centers, hotspots under the ocean

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what are characteristics of strato volcanoes

continental crust 
andesite = hot and sticky 
steep sides
rare eruptions 
hazardous 
explosive 
lava flows, ash/ cinders 
settings: ocean/ continent subduction zone, continental riffs, hot spots under continents

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Caldera

don’t see the mountain because it was blown away because the the eruption was so large
Examples: Yellowstone, crater lake Oregon

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How long ago was Pangea/

200 million years ago

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List the continent periods from most recent to oldest

Cenozoic (50 million)
Cretaceous (100 million)
Jurassoc (150 millison)
Pangea (200 million)

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What cause sea level to change

Ice on land
ocean temperature
shape of ocean basin
Does not depend on Ice already floating in the ocean

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What three factors changes together

sea level, global temperature, CO2 in atmosphere

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What are three parts of a river

Head water, flood plain, delta

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Characteristics of headwater

moves fast, steep slope, lifts big heavy things

Characteristics of floodplains

``` big, wide, muddy, weathering factory of the planet, boulders get broken to gravel gravel gets broken to sand sand gets broken to mud mud chemically weathers ```

Characteristics of the delta

slows down, drops heaviest particle first where river meets the ocean, no slope therefore no motion

Rivers in North America

Missouri/ Mississippi | drains into gulf of Mexico

San Diego on what plate

Pacific

Tucson is on what plate

North American

Iron and Mg come from

mica

potassium, sodium and calcium come from

feldspar

sea water has less oxygen near the equator because it is

warm

if water is cooler it holds more gas (fizzier when cold)

true

Application formed by

colliding continents

Alps formed by

colliding continents

Andes mountains formed by

subduction zone

Himalayan mountains formed from

colliding continents

What does not affect sea level

Melting of artic sea ice - already sitting in ocean

Rain makes water

fresher

Water depth in a trench?

8km 4km is average 100 is shelf

India collided with Asia

50 million years ago

Seattle is on a

subduction zone

Salt makes up what % of sea water

3.5%

Colorado rivers drains

south west into gulf of California

what are the five ways for making mountains

``` 1 pulling continents apart 2 subduction 3 colliding continents 4 Transform Faults 5 Hot Spots ```

location of turbaries

near the coast

Congo River

In Africa

Iceland is found at

spreading center

Ganges River

drains in India

Examples of physical weathering

sun damage | salt weathering

Examples of Chemical weather

rust - oxidation | calcium carbonate

What is the main agent of weathering

water

sediment is headwater

boulders and gravel

sediment in floodplain

sand and mud

sediment in delta

sand and mud

Where is the fastest spreding center

East Pacific

new Basalt forming

mid Atlantic ridge - spreading center

mostly diatom sediments

near Antarctic or equator

in direct heating from sun

Antarctic

where is the photic zone

anywhere on the surface of the ocean

Is low concentration a short or long residence time

short

Is high concentration a short or long residence time

long

Rock = Granite | what are the three minerals

quarts, mica, feldspar

mica weathers into

clay, iron, and Mg

feldspar weathers into

clay, sodium, calcium, and potassium

what minerals are found in headwater

quarts, mica, and feldspar

what minerals are found in floodplain

quarts and clay

A star's habitable zone occurs where: A) there is water in the solar system B) the temperature is right for liquid water (between 0° and 100°C) C) on the surface where you can walk around D) the people live

the temperature is right for liquid water (between 0° and 100°C)

What percentage of the Earth's surface is covered by water?

All life on Earth requires what to survive?

liquid water

On average, the ocean is how deep?

4000 meters

Which is NOT true about the lithosphere? A) The lithosphere is best decribed as "mushy" B) It consists of the crust plus part of the mantle C) Tectonic plates are chunks of lithospere D) It comes in two varieties: oceanic and continental

A) The lithosphere is best described as "mushy"

The youngest ocean crust between South America and Africa is what age? A) 50 million years old B) 140 million years old C) 0 (zero) million years old D) 1 billion years (1000 million years) old

``` Spreading Centers are NOT: A) a divergent plate boundary B) factories of new ocean crust C) usually located on land D) also called Mid-Ocean ridges ```

C) usually located on land

One difference between oceanic crust and continental crust is: A) Ocean crust is made of granite, while continental crust is made of basalt B) Ocean crust is much thicker than continental crust C) Ocean crust is denser than continental crust D) All of these are true

C) Ocean crust is denser than continental crust

``` Which of the following is true about shield volcanoes? A) The have "liquidy" magma B) They have steep sides C) They have rare eruptions D) They form on continental crust ```

A) The have "liquidy" magma

``` Which if the following is NOT true about Ocean/Continent Subduction zones? A) They destroy old ocean crust B) They create new ocean crust C) They create new continental crust D) They are convergent margins ```

B) They create new ocean crust

During the creation of a chain of hot spot volcanoes: A) Some times the plate moves and sometimes the hot spot moves B) The plate moves and the hot spot stays still C)The hot spot moves and the plate stays still

B) The plate moves and the hot spot stays still

``` Most volcanoes on earth are found A) Under the ocean B) Along transform faults C) On land D) At subduction zones ```

A) Under the ocean

Caldera eruptions are: a) Very rare (last one was 75,000 years ago) b) Very large (>1000x bigger than Mt. St. Helens) c) How Yellowstone volcanoes erupt d) All of the above

D all of the above

Which of these does NOT affect global sea level? A) The amount of ice on land B) The temperature of the ocean water C) The salinity of the ocean D) The shape of the ocean basin

C) Salinity of the ocean

During the last ice age, sea level was:

lower

The sediment cycle:

destroys continental crust

Freeze/Thaw can break apart rocks because:

D) Water expands as it freezes into ice

Which is the correct order:

1. Make mountains 2. Weather rocks 3. Transport sediment 4. Deposit sediment

``` Which is NOT a reason for thin sediment over a Mid-Ocean Ridge? Question options: A) Spreading Center B) Far from land C) Subduction ```

C) Subduction

Which of these processes carries the most sediment? | rivers, glaciers winds,

Rivers

``` The thickest sediments are found: A) In the middle of the ocean B) On the shelf C) In rivers D) On the deep ocean floor, just over the edge of the shelf ```

D) On the deep ocean floor, just over the edge of the shelf

The main kind of sediment carried by wind is:

dust

Which of the following chemically weathers into clay?

Feldspar and mica

Sand is composed of what mineral? | feldspar, mica, clay, granite

quartz

Which of the following is true about accumulated elements?

The are in high concetration in the ocean

Which of the following is NOT a recycled element?

chlorine

Solubility increases with:

decreasing temp

``` Respiration Question options A)Requires warm water B) Takes in O2 and gives off CO2 C) Is done by plants D) Takes in CO2 and gives off O2 ```

B) Takes in O2 and gives off CO2

Which gas is "breathed" in by diatoms?

Co2

``` Remineralization is: Question options: A) Done by bacteria B) The same process as respiration C) Takes in O2 and gives off CO2 D) All of the above ```

All

When did South America and Africa separate? a) About 100 million years ago b) About 1 billion years ago c) About 10 million years ago d) About 1 million years ago

a) About 100 million years ago

Spreading centers are: a) Convergent boundaries where ocean crust is destroyed b) Divergent boundaries where ocean crust is formed c) Transform boundaries where crust is neither created or destroyed d) Generally found in the middle of tectonic plates

b) Divergent boundaries where ocean crust is formed

Plate Tectonics is driven by: a) Convection currents caused by heat within the earth b) The Earth's magnetic field c) Strong winds d) Heat from the sun

a) Convection currents caused by heat within the earth

Ocean trenches are about how deep? a) 4000m (40 football fields) b) 8000m or more (> 80 football fields) c) 2000m (20 football fields) d) 100m (1 football field)

b) 8000m or more (> 80 football fields)

``` Pyroclastic flows are: Question options: A) Not very dangerous B) Made of magma and lava C) Associated with Shield Volcanoes D) Made of gas, ash and rock ```

D) Made of gas, ash and rock

What is the name of the part of a river where it flows fast over steep terrain? a) Headwaters b) Delta c) Flood plain

a) Headwaters

Which of these is NOT true about the Hawaiian Islands? a) They are formed over a hot spot b) Their ages indicate that the Pacific Plate is moving c) They are stratovolcanoes d) They are made of basalt

c) They are stratovolcanoes

Which of the following occurs at mid-ocean ridges? a) Subduction b) New ocean crust is created c) Stratovolcanoes d) New continental crust is created

b) New ocean crust is created

Which river on earth has the biggest flow (most water)? a) Amazon b) Congo c) Yangtze d) Mississippi

a) Amazon

In Antarctica and Greenland, most sediment is transported by: Rivers, wind, glaciers

glaciers

The thickest sediments on the ocean floor are made of: a) Boulders b) Sand c) Gravel d) Turbidites

d)Turbidites

Which of these mountain ranges was formed by subduction? a) Hawaiian Islands (in the Pacific Ocean) b) Cascades (in the Pacific Northwest) c) Himalayas (in Asia) d) Catalinas (near Tucson)

b) Cascades (in the Pacific Northwest)

``` How were the Catalina mountains formed subduction, pulling continents apart hotspots transform faults colliding continents ```

pulling continents apart

``` How were the application mountains formed subduction, pulling continents apart hotspots transform faults colliding continents ```

colliding continents

``` How were the san Gabriel mountains formed subduction, pulling continents apart hotspots transform faults colliding continents ```

transform faults

Why isn't the ocean filled with sediment? | two processes

subduction: melted underneath continents subsidence: Lithosphere sinks into mushy asthenosphere

Sediment Cycle: Physical Changes | Where is sand and mud found

on the shelf and the low flat area (flood plain)

Sediment Cycle: Physical Changes | where are skeletons found

on shelf or deep sea floor

Accumulated profile looks like: straight line curves down to the left (4 quadrant neg parabola) curves down to the right (3 quadrant neg parabola)

straight line

Recycled biology profile looks like: straight line curves down to the left (4 quadrant neg parabola) curves down to the right (3 quadrant neg parabola)

curves down to the left (4 quadrant neg parabola) | removed at the surface and accumulates with increasing depth

Scavenged profile looks like: straight line curves down to the left (4 quadrant neg parabola) curves down to the right (3 quadrant neg parabola

curves down to the right (3 quadrant neg parabola | added at surface and removed during sinking

``` How does light change with depth? negative exponential (3rd quadrant upside down J) x^3 -x^3 linear and negative question mark looking curve ```

negative exponential (3rd quadrant upside down J)

``` How does temp change with depth? negative exponential (3rd quadrant upside down J) x^3 -x^3 linear and negative question mark looking curve ```

question mark looking curve

``` How does pressure change with depth? negative exponential (3rd quadrant upside down J) x^3 -x^3 linear and negative question mark looking curve ```

linear and negative

``` How does O2 change with depth? negative exponential (3rd quadrant upside down J) x^3 (curved up to the left) -x^3 (curved down towards the right) linear and negative question mark looking curve ```

x^3 (curved up to the left)

``` How does CO2 change with depth? negative exponential (3rd quadrant upside down J) x^3 (curved up to the left) -x^3 (curved down towards the right) linear and negative question mark looking curve ```

-x^3 (curved down towards the right)

Characteristics of photic zone? how deep, is light present, are plants present?

0 - 100 m, lots of light and lots of plants

Characteristics of twilight zone? how deep, is light present, are plants present?

100 - 1000 meters, some light, no plants

Characteristics of dark zone? how deep, is light present, are plants present?

1000m or more, no light, no plants

``` Which is the correct equation for photosynthesis? A) CO2 + Organic Matter --> O2 + H2O B) CO2 + H2O --> Organic Matter + O2 C) CO2 + O2 --> H2O + Organic Matter D) Organic Matter + O2 --> CO2 + H2O ```

B) CO2 + H2O --> Organic Matter + O2

Scavenged elements: a) are deposited on the ocean surface from wind-blown dust b) removed from ocean water by sticking to falling particles (poop & dead bodies) c) are mostly metals d) All of the above

All

The profile for recycled elements (important to biology) is: A) Uniform with depth B) Increasing with depth (low at surface) C) Each recycled element is different D) Decreasing with depth (high at surface)

B) Increasing with depth (low at surface)

``` Diatoms make their skeletons out of: A) salt B) quartz (Si) C) clay D) calcite (Ca) ```

B) quartz (Si)

Exam 1 Flashcards

(131 cards)