EXAM 1 Flashcards
(313 cards)
1
Q
Form, locale, and relationship of body parts
A
Anatomy
2
Q
How body works to carry out necessary life function
A
Physiology
3
Q
Seven Necessary Life Functions
A
Maintaining boundaries, Movement, Responsiveness, Digestion, metabolism, Excretion, Reproduction
4
Q
Separation between internal and external environments
A
Maintaining boundaries
5
Q
Ability to respond to stimuli
A
Responsiveness
6
Q
Muscular system allows movement i.e. skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscle
A
Movement
7
Q
Breakdown of ingested food
A
Digestion
8
Q
All chemical reactions that occur in the body
A
Metabolism
9
Q
Removal of metabolic and digestive wastes i.e. urea, CO2, feces
A
Excretion
10
Q
Division of cells, reproduction of offspring
A
Reproduction and Growth
11
Q
Why have organ systems?
A
Organ systems serve cells and supply survival needs
12
Q
What are the 6 survival needs?
A
Nutrients, Water, Oxygen, Appropriate amounts, Appropriate atmospheric pressure, Normal body temperature
13
Q
Integumentary system functions
A
Protects tissue from injury, desiccation, contains sensory receptors, glands
14
Q
Integumentary system organs
A
Skin, hair, nails
15
Q
Skeletal system functions
A
Encases and supports organs, provides leverage for skeletal muscles, forms blood cells
16
Q
Skeletal system organs
A
Bones, joints, cartilage
17
Q
Hematopoiesis
A
Production of blood cells
18
Q
Muscular system functions
A
Allows manipulation of environment, locomotion, expression, movement of fluids, posture, heat
19
Q
Muscular system organs
A
Skeletal, cardiac, smooth
20
Q
Nervous system functions
A
Coordinator, responds to internal and external changes via muscles and glands, memory, interpreter, command center
21
Q
Nervous sytem organs
A
Brain, spinal cord, nerves
22
Q
Endocrine system functions
A
Regulates processes such as growth, reproduction, metabolism via hormones
23
Q
Endocrine system organs
A
Ovary, testis, adrenal gland, pancreas, thymus, thyroid, pineal gland, pituitary gland
24
Q
Cardiovascular system functions
A
Pumps blood, transports O2, CO2, hormones, clotting factors, chemical precursors, urea, antibodies, carrier proteins, blood cells, enzymes
25
Cardiovascular system organs
Blood vessels, heart
26
Lymphatic/Immune system functions
Picks up and returns fluid leaked from blood vessels, houses lymphocytes, disposes of debris, foreign substances, abnormal growths
27
Lymphatic/Immune system organs
Red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen
28
Respiratory system functions
Ventilation, respiration, supply blood with O2 and removal of CO2, pH balance, thermoregulation, speech
29
Respiratory system organs
Lungs, trachea, larynx, pharynx, diaphragm, nasal/oral cavity
30
Digestive system functions
Ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination
31
Digestive system organs
Oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small and large intestine, rectum, anus
32
Urinary System functions
Elimination of nitrogenous wastes from body, regulates water, electrolyte and acid base balance of blood
33
Urinary system organs
Kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
34
Male reproductive system functions
produces sperm and sex hormones, delivers sperm to female reproductive tract
35
Male reproductive system organs
Prostate, penis, testis, scrotum, ductus deferens
36
Female reproductive system functions
Produces oocytes and sex hormones, provides site for fertilization, implantation, and fetal development, produces milk
37
Female reproductive system organs
Uterus, ovary, fallopian tubes, mammary glands
38
Maintenance or relatively stable internal conditions despite continuously changing environment
Homeostasis
39
Three components of homeostasis
Receptor, control center, effector
40
Receptor
Monitors environment and detects stimuli
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Control Center
Receives input from receptor, determines set point at which variable is maintained and appropriate response
42
Effector
Receives output from control center and provides means to respond
43
Affarent
Toward control center/CNS, sensory
44
Efferent
From control center/CNS, motor
45
Negative Feedback
Rate decreases and product increases, reduces or shuts off process
46
Negative Feedback examples
Blood glucose, blood pressure, blood calcium, thermostat
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Positive Feedback
Production increases and product increases
48
Positive Feedback examples
Blood clotting, labor contractions, pepsinogen
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Superior
above, toward head or upper part
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Inferior
below
51
Anterior
Front, toward front of body
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Posterior
Back, toward back of body
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Medial
Toward midline of body
54
Lateral
Away from midline
55
Intermediate
In between
56
Proximal
Toward origin of body part, or point of attachment of a limb to the body of trunk
57
Distal
Further from trunk
58
Superficial
External, toward body surface
59
Deep
Internal, away from body surface
60
Axial
Head, neck, torso
61
Appendicular
Limbs
62
Frontal
Forehead
63
Orbital
Eye
64
Nasal
Nose
65
Oral
Mouth
66
Mental
Chin
67
Cervical
Neck
68
Sternal
Center of chest
69
Axillary
Armpit
70
Mammary
Nipples
71
Umbilical
Abdominal
72
Inguinal groin
Pelvic
73
Genital
Pubic
74
Acromial
Shoulder
75
Brachial
Arm (upper)
76
Antecubital
Inside of elbow
77
Antebrachial
Forearm
78
Carpal
Wrist
79
Manus
Hand
80
Palmar
metacarpal, palm
81
Pollex
Thumb
82
Digital
Fingers
83
Coxal
Hip
84
Femoral
Thigh
85
Paterllar
Knee
86
Crural
Shin (anterior leg)
87
Fibular
Side of leg/shin
88
Tarsal
Ankle
89
Metatarsal
Most of toes
90
Hallux
Big toe
91
Otic
Ear
92
Occipital
Back of head
93
Olecranal
Posterior elbow
94
Popliteal
Posterior thigh
95
Sural
Calf
96
Calcaneal
Heel
97
Plantar
Underside of foot
98
Pedal
Foot
99
Scapular
Dorsal or back shoulder
100
Vertebral
Midline of back
101
Sacral
Tailbone
102
Lumbar
Lower back
103
Gluteal
Butt
104
Perineal
Between genitals and anus
105
Sagittal
Divides left and right
106
Frontal
Divides anterior and posterior
107
Tranverse
Divide superior and inferior
108
Types of Body cavities
Dorsal and Ventral
109
Coela
Internal cavities
110
Thoracic cavity organs:
Heart and lungs
111
Thoracic cavities:
Superior mediastinum, pleural cavity, pericardial cavity within mediastinum
112
Cranial cavity organs:
Brain
113
Vertebral cavity organs:
Spinal cord
114
Pelvic cavity organs:
Urinary bladder, reproductive organs, rectum
115
Abdominal cavity organs:
Digestive system
116
Parietal serosa
Lines internal body cavity walls, superficial to visceral serosa
117
Visceral serosa
Covers internal organ, deep to parietal serosa
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Cavity most vulnerable to trauma
Abdominal cavity because walls are formed by muscle only
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What happens when Serious membranes become inflamed
Smooth layers become rough and stick together
120
Study of tissues
Histology
121
Steps of preparing slides
Fix, Section, Stain
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Step 1: Fix
Preserve with solvent
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Step 2: Section
Cut into slices thin enough to transmit light or electrons
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Step 3: Stain
Enhance contrast using colored dye or heavy metal coatings
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Function of epithelial tissue
Forms boundaries between different environments, filters, absorbs, protects, secretes
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Characteristics of epithelial tissue
Regneration, Avascular (innervated), Specialized contacts, Supported by connective tissues, Polarity
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Apical surface
Upper free side, can have microvilli
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Basal surface
Lower attached side, attached to basal lamina
129
Basal lamina
Adhesive sheet, apical most surface of basement membrane
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Basement membrane
Basal surface, Basal Lamina, Reticular Lamina. Resists stretching and tearing
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Specialized contacts
Gap junctions, Tight junctions, Desmosomes
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Regeneration
Stimulated by loss of apical -basal polarity
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First name: simple
absorption, secretion, filtration due to thin layer
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First name: stratified
Multiple layers, protection due to multiple layers
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Second name: squamous
flattened, scale like
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Second name: cuboidal
box like, cubed
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Second name: columnar
tall, column like
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Simple squamous epithelium
Kidney, lungs
Endothelium: lining of lymphatic vessels, blood vessels, heart
Mesothelium: serosae in ventral body cavity
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Simple cuboidal epithelium
Kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands such as ovary surface
140
Simple ColuMnar epithelium
Absorption and secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances
Ciliated: bronchi, uterine tubes, uterus
Non-ciliated: digestive tract (stomach to rectum), gallbladder
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Pseudostratified ColuMnar epithelium
Ciliated: trachea, upper respiratory tract
| Non-ciliated: sperm carrying ducts
142
Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Moist linings such as vagina, esophagus, mouth
143
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
SKIN! or epidermis
144
Transitional epithelium
Hollow organs or organs made for stretching such as bladder, urethra, ureters
145
Ductless glands
Endocrine. secreted into interstitial fluid
146
Unicellular or multicellular gland with ducts
Exocrine
147
Unicellular exocrine glands produce
Mucin
148
Unicellular exocrine glands contain these cells:
Goblet cells and mucous cells
149
Unicellular exocrine glands found in:
Intestinal and respiratory tracts
150
Multicellular exocrine glands are composed of:
Duct, secretory unit, connective tissue for blood and nerve fibers supplying
151
Simple tubular multicellular exocrine glands
Unbranched. can be found in intestinal and stomach gland
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Compound tubular multicellular exocrine gland
Duct branches. can be found in small intestine
153
Simple alveolar multicellular exocrine gland
Sebaceous gland
154
Compound alveolar multicellular exocrine gland
Mammary gland, salivary gland
155
Tubular
Secretory cells form duct
156
Alveolar
Secretory cells form sac
157
3 modes of secretion for secretory glands
Holocrine, Apocrine, Merocrine
158
Merocrine
Products secreted by exocytosis ex: sweat, pancreas
159
Holocrine
Products accumuluate within then rupture. PIMPLE
160
Apocrine
Accumpulates products within, but only apex ruptures. ex: breast milk
161
Connective tissue function
Bind, support, protect, store, transport
162
Is bone vascular?
Yes
163
Is cartilage vascular?
No
164
3 common characteristics of connective tissue?
Common embryonic origin, varying degree of vascularity, extracellular matrix
165
3 structural elements of connective tissue
Ground substance, fibers, cells
166
Ground substance
Material that fills space between cells that is made up of (ICP)
Interstitial fluid, cell adhesives proteins, proteoglycans
167
3 types of fibers
Collagen, elastic, reticular
168
Collagen fiber
Provides strength, toughness, most abundant
169
Elastic fiber
Long, thin, branched. Allow for stretch
170
Reticular fiber
Short, fine, highly branched. allow for stretch
171
Immature cartilage cells
Chondroblasts
172
Immature connective tissue cells
Fibroblast
173
Immature bone cells
Osteoblast
174
Cell in bone marrow
hematopoietic stem cells
175
Mast cells
White blood cells that initiates inflammatory response
176
Macrophage
Phagocytize dead cells, detect debris
177
Loose Areolar Connective tissue function
Wraps and cushions organs, supports and binds, anchors skin
178
Loose Areolar Connective tissue is found in
Under epithelia ie lamina propria, surrounds capillaries
179
White blood cells roam due to open space in
Loose Areolar Connective tissue
180
Loose Adipose Connective tissue function
Insulates, fuel reserve, protects and supports organs
181
Loose Adipose Connective tissue is found in
Behind eyeballs, within abdomen, breasts, subcutaneous tissue (cellulite aka fat cells)
182
Loose Reticular Connective tissue function
FIBROBLAST. supports reticular cells, mast cells, macrophages, and other white blood cells around internal skeleton. Provides housing for white blood cells
183
Loose Reticular Connective tissue found in
Lymphoid organs such as spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes
184
Dense Regular Connective tissue function
Strength (COLLAGEN), FIBROBLAST, withstanding stress
185
Dense Regular Connective tissue found in
Tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses
186
Dense Regular Connective tissue is
Parallel collagen fibers and fibroblasts
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Dense Irregular Connective tissue function
Resisting tension in many directions
188
Dense Irregular Connective tissue found in
Dermis, joint capsules, fibrous covering, submucosa of digestive tract
189
Dense Elastic Connective tissue function
Allows recoil after stretching, flow of blood through arteries and lungs
190
Dense Elastic Connective tissue found in
Wall of large arteries, ligaments in vertebral column, bronchial tubes
191
Cartilage is
Matrix secreted by chondroblasts
192
Chondroblasts are found in
Lacunae
193
Chondroblasts are made up of
80% water, collagen fibers, hyaluronic acid, chondroitin
194
Hyaline Cartilage function
Supports and reinforces, cushion, resists stress
195
Hyaline Cartilage found in
Embryonic skeleton, ends of long bone, ribs, cartilage of nose, larynx and pharynx
196
Elastic Cartilage function
Maintains shape while allows flexibility
197
Elastic Cartilage found in
Ear and Epiglottis
198
Fibrocartilage function
Compress shock, strength
199
Fibrocartilage found in
Pubic symphysis, discs of knee and intervertebral discs
200
Loss in flexibility and cushioning means
Cartilage can ossify or become bony
201
When avascular cartilage loses ability to divide...
Injuries heal slowly
202
Osseous tissue function
Supports, protects, stores calcium and fat, marrow inside bones is site for hematopoiesis production
203
Blood function
Transport respiratory gases, nutrients, and waste
204
3 types of membranes
Serous, mucus, cutaneous
205
Skin is
cutaneous membrane
206
Cutaneous membrane is different because it is
dry
207
Mucous membrane found in
Body cavities that are open to exterior such as respiratory, urogenital, digestive tract
208
Serous membranes found in
Closed ventral body cavities
209
3 names for serous membranes
Pericardium, peritoneum, pleurae
210
2 types of tissue repair
Regeneration and fibrosis
211
Steps in tissue repair
1. inflammation
2. organization restores blood supply
3. Regeneration and fibrosis effects permanent repair
212
Step 1 of tissue repair (inflammation)
Release of inflammatory chemicals that allows clotting and scabbing
213
Step 2 of tissue repair (organization)
Clot replaced with granulation tissue, fibroblasts bridge wound site, and regeneration of epithelium begins
214
Step 3 of tissue repair (permanent repair)
Scab detaches, fibrous bridge matures, and contracts while epithelium thicken and starts to resemble adjacent tissue
215
Regenerate well:
Epithelial tissue, areolar connective tissue, bone, dense irregular connective tissue, blood forming tissue
216
Regenerate moderately:
Smooth muscle, dense regular connective tissue
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Do not regenerate
Cardiac muscle and nervous tissue of brain and spinal cord
218
Keratinocytes
Produce keratin
219
Melanocytes
Spider shaped cells that produce melanin. protect from UV damage
220
Dendric or Langerhans cell
Star shaped macrophages that patrol deep epidermis. Activators of immune system
221
Merkel cells
Sensory receptors that sense touch
222
Stratum Basale function
Attaches to dermis, contains single row of daughter cells that actively divide producing 2 daughter cells
223
Takes ___ days to reach surface from basale layer
25-45 days
224
Melanocytes are___ percentage of cells
10-25%
225
Stratum basale contains these 3 cells
Melanocytes, Merkel, and dendritic cells
226
Stratum Spinosum function
Resists tension and pulling, contain web like system of intermediate pre-keratin filament
227
Appear spikey once dessicatied:
Keratinocytes
228
Dentritic cells are most abundant in
Stratum spinosum
229
Stratum granulosum function
Beginning of keratinization, cells flatten and organelles begin to disintegrate, cells above stratum granulosum die because they are too far from dermal capillaries
230
Keratohylaine granules
help form keratin fibers in upper layers
231
Lamellar granules of glycolipids
prevent water loos with tight junctions
232
Stratum lucidum function
Found only in thick skin such as palms and soles. 2-3 rows of clear, flat, dead keratinocytes
233
When stratum lucidum not present, keratinohyaline granules begin to aggregate in
Stratum corneum
234
Stratum corneum function
Keratin, plasma membranes, tight junctions, glycolipids ensure minimum abrasion, penetration, and water loss
235
3/4 of epidermis is
Stratum corneum
236
How many cells are sloughed every minute
about 50,000 cells
237
Two layers of dermis
Papillary and reticular
238
Dermis contains
Hair follicles, oil glands, sweat glands, nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels
239
Papillary layer is
Superficial areolar connective tissue (thin)
240
Dermal papillae send
fingerlike projections into epidermis
241
Fingerprints
Dermal ridge of papillary layer. Friction ridges and openings of sweat glands/ducts
242
Meissner's Corpuscle
Touch receptors
243
Reticular layer is
80% of dermal thickness
244
Reticular layer is what tissue?
Dense irregular connective tissue
245
Cutaneous Plexus
Network of blood vessels between reticular and hypodermis
246
Flexure lines
Folds near joints where dermis is tightly secured to deeper structures. Visible on hands, wrists, fingers, soles, toes
247
Dermal tears that leave silvery white scars are called
Striae or stretch marks
248
Short term trauma can cause blisters that seperate
epidermis and dermis
249
3 components of skin color
Melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin
250
Melanin is only found in
Deeper epidermal layers
251
All humans have same amount of melanocytes but what differs?
Form, retainment, and amount of melanin
252
Carotene accumulates in
Stratum corneum and hypodermis
253
Carotene can be converted in vitamin A which helps with
Vision and epidermal health
254
Hemoglobin in skin is caused by
red blood cells in dermal capillaries
255
Excessive sun exposure causes __ to clump, causing skin to become more leathery
elastic fibers
256
UV alters DNA which causes
skin cancer
257
UV destroys folic acid which is
necessary for DNA synthesis
258
Photosensitivity is
increased response to sun. ex: antibiotics, antihistamines, perfumes, and detergents
259
Cyanosis
Blue skin, poorly oxygenated hemoglobin
260
Erythemia
Redness, fever, hypertension, inflammation, allergy
261
Pallor
Blanching or pale color, anemia or low blood pressure
262
Jaundice
Yellow, liver disorder or bile accumulates
263
Bronzing
Inadequate steroid hormones or pituitary gland tumors
264
Bruises
Hematoma, clotted blood under skin
265
Cleavage lines
natural orientation of collagen fibers in dermis
266
Arrector pilli is responsible for
Goosebumps and forcing sebum out
267
Arrector pilli is a
smooth muscle attached to follice
268
Sweat glands also called
Sudoriferous glands
269
Sweat glands are found on all surfaces of skin except
nipples and part of genitalia
270
Sweat glands regulated by
sympathetic nervous sytem
271
Two types of sweat glands
Eccrine and apocrine
272
Eccrine sweat glands are most numerous on
palms, soles, forehead
273
Eccrine sweat glands are induced by
heat or emotions
274
Are eccrine sweat glands functional at birth?
Yes
275
Are apocrine sweat glands functional at birth?
No but they are present. functional at puberty
276
Is eccrine or apocrine larger?
Apocrine
277
Eccrine glands connect and empty to
Pore
278
Apocrine sweat glands connect and empty to
Hair follicle
279
Two types of apocrine sweat glands?
Ceruminous (sebum, ear wax, sticky barrier) and mammary
280
Sebum is made out of
Lipids and cell fragments
281
Sebum is needed for
lubrication of hair and skin, prevention of water loss, bactericidal
282
Sebaceous glands are
branched alveolar
283
Cerumin is
apocrine sweat, sebum, dead skin, bacteria
284
Function of skin
```
Protection
Body temp regulation
Sensation
Metabolism
Blood reservoir
Excretion via sweat
```
285
Three types of barriers of skin
Chemical, biological, physical
286
Wounded skin releases
Cathelicidins which prevents infection
287
Characteristics of acid mantle (low pH)
Dermicin, bactericidal, and defensins
288
Chemical shield against UV
Melanin
289
Epidermis full of layers of dead flat cells which contain
keratin and glycolipids
290
Biological barriers include
Dendritic cells of epidermis, macrophages of dermis, and DNA absorbing UV to convert to heat
291
Mechanoreceptors respond to
touch, pressure, vibration, stretch
292
Thermoreceptors respond to
temperature
293
Photoreceptors respond to
light
294
Chemoreceptors respond to
chemical like smell, taste, changes in blood chemistry
295
Nociceptors respond to
pain causing stimuli like extreme heat or cold, excessive pressure, pinch, inflammatory chemicals
296
Externoreceptors respond to
Stimuli outside of body such as touch, pressure, pain, temp. *most special sense organs
297
Interoreceptors respond to
Stimuli arising in internal viscera and blood vessels such as tissue stretch, temp changes, chemical changes
298
Proprioceptors respond to
Stretch in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments, etc. they inform brain of one's movements
299
Two types of receptor structure
Special sense and general senses
300
Receptors for special senses
Vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste
301
Simple receptors of general senses monitor
tactile sensations such as touch, pressure, stretch, vibration, temp, pain, muscle sense
302
Modified dentritic endings of sensory neurons
Simple receptors of general senses
303
Non-encapsulated free nerve endings found in
Epithelia and connective tissue
304
Non-encapsulated free nerve endings respond mostly to
temp, pain, light touch
305
Non-encapsulated free nerve endings receptors
Thermoreceptors, nociceptors, merkel dics or light touch receptors, hair follicle receptors to detect bending of hair
306
Encapsulated nerve ending are almost all
mechanoreceptors
307
Encapsulated nerve endings examples include
Meissners corpuscles, lamellar corpuscles, ruffni endings, muscle spindles, tendon organs, and joint kinesthetic receptors
308
Meissner's corpuscles
Detect touch in superficial dermis
309
Lamellar corpuscles
Detect deep pressure and vibration in deep dermis
310
Ruffni endings
Detect continuous pressure in dermis
311
Muscle spindles
Detect muscle stretch in skeletal muscles
312
Tendon organs
Detect tendon stretch in tendons
313
Joint kinesthetic receptors
Monitor joint position and motion
