Exam 1 Flashcards
(125 cards)
1
Q
Sensory pathways
A
afferent
incoming
“ascending”
2
Q
Motor pathways
A
efferent
outgoing
“descending”
3
Q
What makes up the brainstem?
A
midbrain, pons, and medulla
4
Q
What are the limbic structures?
A
amygdala and hippocampus (memory and learning, emotion)
5
Q
Divisions of the CNS (7)
A
cerebral hemisphere diencephalon midbrain pons cerebellum medulla spinal cord
6
Q
Gyrus
A
convolution of cortex
7
Q
Sulcus
A
groove of cortex
8
Q
What are the five brain lobes and their general function?
A
frontal (emotion/reasoning) parietal (sensory/perception) temporal (hearing, emotion, spatial) occipital (vision) insula (emotional)
9
Q
Longitudinal sulcus
A
divides hemispheres of brain
10
Q
transverse sulcus
A
separates temporal and frontal lobes
11
Q
central sulcus
A
separates frontal and parietal lobes
12
Q
What does the brainstem do?
A
breathing and heartrate
where most cranial nerves exit brain
connect brain and spinal cord
13
Q
cerebellum
A
integral for learning and detecting mistakes
14
Q
spinal cord
A
only connection body has to brain
cervical thoracic lumbar and sacral sections which are further divided into segments
15
Q
Gray matter
A
made of cell bodies
where information is processed
darker color
called: cortex, nucleus, horn
16
Q
White matter
A
bundles of nn fibers insulated in myelin
transmit information from one area to another
called: nn, pathway, tract, column, projections, radiations, lemniscus
17
Q
What are the 3 cell types of the nervous system?
A
neurons
support
stem
18
Q
Stem cells
A
can become almost any type of tissue
maintain some throughout life
growth triggered by exercise, cognitive challenge, and brain damage
19
Q
3 main parts of a neuron
A
Dendrites (receive information)
Soma (encloses machinery for cell function)
axon (transmists information)
20
Q
Support cells (aka neuroglia) types
A
macroglia
microglia
satellite cells
21
Q
macroglia
A
schwann cells, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal
22
Q
microglia
A
phagocytocic or scavanger function
23
Q
schwann cells
A
myelinate one patch of one axon (PNS)
24
Q
oligodendrocytes
A
myelinate numerous surrounding axons
25
astrocytes
structural support
| create blood-brain barrier
26
ependymal
line interior of ventricles
| make CSF
27
Types of neurons
motor
sensory
interneurons
projection
28
unipolar nuerons
no true dendrites, single axon with many terminal processes
29
psuedounipolar neurons
soma off to side
| two processes at opposite poles of embryonic bipolar neuron fuse
30
falx cerebri
part of dura matter that separates left and right cerebral hemispheres
31
tantorium cerebelli
part of dura matter that separates cerebellum from forebrain
32
neurons
functional unit of nervous system
| process and transmit information
33
Kahal
proposed neuron anatomy was meant to process and transmit information
34
In which direction does information usually travel through a neuron?
from dendrites to axon to synapse
35
What are some examples of cortex being split up? (hint: maps)
somatotopic map
retinotopic map
tonotopic map
36
Labelled line theory
information moving around brain in same way (coded as action potentials)
each pathway carries only one type of information
example: voluntary/automatic motor=labelled line; sensory=labelled line
damage gives discernable impairments
37
Skull bones
```
22 bones (8 paired, 6 unpaired)
joints=suture (but not at birth; 2 fontanelles let brain grow)
```
38
Foramen magna
opening where SC leaves/enters skull
39
anterior circulation
fed by internal carotid
40
posterior circulation
fed by vertebral arteries
41
Circle of Willis
helps if one part of circ system stops
anastomoses
made of: anterior communicating artery, 2 posterior communicating arteries, and three cerebral arteries
42
Describe blood flow into and out of brain (hint: components)
blood taken into brain: taken apart into blood and CSF
| blood leaving brain: put back as used CSF and deoxygenated blood
43
How does most of the CNS drain blood
indirectly; drain first into dural sinuses before returning to internal jugular vein
44
Pia mater
follows contours of brain (can't see with naked eye)
anchors arachnoid trabeculae
escort blood vessels into brain
45
arachnoid
avascular with subarachnoid space (filled with CSF
46
arachnoid trabeculae
suspend brain and SC
| hold membrane down
47
ventricles
lined with ependymal cells and filled with CSF
48
blood-brain barrier
tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells with assistance from astrocytes
protects brain from neuroactive compounds and rapid changes in ionic constituents of blood (must use active transfusion not free diffusion)
49
cerebrospinal fluid
allows for small volume changes
buoys the brain
regulates chemical environment
diliutes substances
50
arachnoid villa
pockets of arachnoid away from brain
| release extra CSF into venous sinuses
51
dura mater
thick and tough
| has own blood supply and sensory innervation
52
layers of dura mater
1. periostial (outermost)
| 2. meningeal (innermost): mostly adhered to periostial except to make sinus cavities; continuous along verterbal canal
53
superior sagittal sinus
runs along superficial edge of falx cerebri
54
Epidural space
begins at foramen magna
| filled with fatty connective tissue and veins
55
lumbar cistern
has nn but no cord
about L2
spinal tap area
56
peripheral meninges
epineurium (outermost)
perineurium
endoneurium (innermost)
57
epineurium
extension of dura
| loose, forms capsule
58
perinuerium
extension of blood-brain barrier
| open at some endings
59
endoneurium
may direct nn growth
60
choroid plexus
made of ependymal cells, pia mater, and capillaries
| converts blood to CSF at about .5 L per day
61
Cerebellar arteries
superior cerebellar artery
anterior inferior cerebellar artery
posterior inferior cerebellar artery
vascularize brainstem
62
anterior spinal artery and posterolateral spinal arteries
blood supply to spinal cord
63
lymphatic system
lymph vessels line dura sinuses
carry lymph and immune cells to deep cervical lymph nodes
still being researched, very recently discovered
64
Cortical layering
helps establish how cortex functions; thickness of layers differs between areas of cortex
I: molecular layer, few soma lots of dendrites, some entering axons
II: external granule layer, interneurons, output to other intrahemispheric cortex
III: external pyramidal later, projection neurons, output to intra/interhemisphere cortex
IV: internal granule cell layer, hace interneurons, input from thalamus
V: internal pyramidal layer, projection neurons, output to subcortical centers to spinal cord, axons travel furthest
VI: multiform layer, output to thalamus
65
cortical columns
grouped by function, can communicate with neighboring columns, if in motor column would have large layer V and layer V cells
primary processing units (bring in information and whether to send motor output or thought)
66
projection pathways: white matter
highways with many exits and entrances
| can be short but longer paths can be identified
67
projection from one cortical area to another=
association
68
projection from on hemisphere to another=
commissural
| examples: corpus callosum, anterior commissure, posterior commissure
69
arcuate pathway
long pathway between frontal cortex and other cortical areas
70
internal capsule pathway
ascending/descending from cortex to SC
71
corpus callosum
largely connects congruent parts of the two hemispheres in a bidirectional manner
except hand area of primary motor cortex does not project to the contralateral hemisphere
doesn't connect diagonally (occipital to occipital; parietal to parietal)
thickest and most uniform in middle childhood
72
primary cortical areas
topographically organized in a receptor representative way
receive input directly from thalamus or project directly to descending pathways
include somatosensory, visual, auditory, motor)
73
association cortical areas
broader/more general function
| can be unimodal or multimodal
74
primary somatosensory cortex
postcentral gyrus; receives contralateral input from the sensory receptors of the body
activation of cortical columns in S1 we develop conscious awareness of special stimulus (including excitation and type)
Brodmann's area: 1, 2, 3a, 3b
75
Somatosensory association area
S2: areas 5 and 7
activation results in a more vague awareness of stimulated/represented body part (receive bilateral representation from S1 and thalamus)
76
Primary motor cortex
```
precentral gyrus (area 4)
layer V has large pyramidal cells (Betz)
give rise to descending motor pathways
contralateral somatotopic mapping
Jacksonian march (seizure affects moves from one end of M1 to the other)
```
77
Motor association cortices
premotor: lateral area 6; higher threshold of activation; less refined movements result from sti; plan movement but don't carry them out
supplementary: medial area 6; stim results in bilateral postural movements
78
primary visual cortex
```
area 17, occipital lobe
representation of contralateral visual field alternating between ipsilateral and contralateral eye=striate cortex
retinotopic organization (fovea has largest representation)
```
79
visual association
areas 18 and 19
| retinotopic representation of different visual features each on their own map (color, orientation, movement)
80
primary auditory cortex
temporal lobe
| area 41; receives input from thalamus, tonotopic organization
81
A2
area 42 receives input from A1 and thalamus
82
auditory association cortex
area 22
83
parietal association cortex
areas 5 and 7
complex non-linguistical perceptual tasks
paralinguistic aspects of communication
emotion and affect
84
strats for visual perception
divide and conquer (faster processing)
dorsal path: spatial location, follow movement, guiding actions
ventral path: shape, color, orientation, texture, "what is it"
85
lateralization
in 90% of right handers and 60% of left handers the left hem. is specialized for language and the right hem. is specialized for spatial cognition, and emotional processing
86
language areas
lateralized to left hem.
Broca's=language production
Wernicke's= language comprehension
87
right hemisphere
assists with language learning, music, prosody of speech, visual perception
88
prefrontal cortex
```
large in advanced species
larger in humans
directs personality
critical role in working memory
supports executive functions (concentration, attention span, initiative, spontaneity, abstract reasoning)
```
89
brainstem
synapses between cranial nn and CNS (attachments grouped together as nuclei)
site of attachment for cerebellum
info super highway
90
what are the 3 regions of the brainstem
midbrain (anterior=cerebral aqueduct)
pons (4th ventricle)
medulla (central canal)
91
3 regions of midbrain
tectum
tegmentum
basis pedunculi
92
tectum
```
superior colliculi (visual reflex center; multisensory integration)
inferior colliculi (sound/localization of sound; relay nucleus of auditory pathways)
```
93
tegmentum
contains cranial nn nuclei, ascending/descending fibers, reticular formation, red nucleus, substantia nigra
94
2 parts of pons
tegmentum (continuation of midbrain tegmentum)
| basal/ventral
95
what attaches pons to cerebellum?
superior, medial, inferior peduncles
96
medulla
longest portion
ventrally=motor function anatomy (pyramids-2 bumps)
dorsal= 4 bumps (gracilis=medial, cuneate=lateral)
97
neurotransmitters categories
1: fast=instantaneous transmission of info
2: modulatory=influence state of nervous system more broadly; important in arousal, mood, emotion, cognition, survival, set excitability level
98
reticular formation
collection of grey matter nuclei in brainstem; present at every level
forms central core of brainstem; loose collection
contains several nuclei that produce neurotrans. imp for mood, emotion, and cognitive function
99
2 components of reticular formation
rostral="consciousness system" (pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei, VTA, locus ceruleus, Raphe)
caudal= motor, reflex, autonomic function (nucleus solitarius, pre-Botzinger, rostral ventrolateral medulla nuclei, pontomedullary nuclei, reticulospinal tract)
100
pedunculopontine/laterodorsal tegmental nuclei
produce and spread NT acetylcholine; arousal faciliataion of motor function
axons project widely, project to Basal Ganglia, vestibular nuclei and reticulospinal tract
101
ventral tegmental area (VTA)
bilateral nuclei
| produce dopamine; axons project dopamine to targets in reward system (targets implicated in addiction diseases)
102
locus ceruleus
not cohesive, more like scatter
produce norepinephrine and project to every major brain region and SC
maintains vigilance and response to novel stim
largest collection of noradrenergic neurons
103
Raphe
produce serotonin and project to almost every part of brain
rostral projections: have role in mood, regulatory functions. implicated in mental illness like depression
caudal projections: to SC and brainstem; regulate motor tone and pain
104
nucleus solitarius
receives info to check on vital signs (blood, pH, O2, HR, stretch receptors in lungs)
105
pre-botzinger and botzinger complex
respiratory pacemaking
106
rostral ventrolateral medulla nuclei
regulating blood pressure
107
pontomedullary nuclei
adjacent to cranial nn motor nuclei
contributes to coordination of oral/facial motor responses
influence emotional facial expressions and coughing, hiccupping, sneezing, yawning
108
reticulospinal tract
postural control
| medial tract: synapses onto lower order neurons (axial mm and ext. of LE)
109
red nucleus
don't know too much about this
role in motor planning of UE reach
arm swing rhythm, infant crawling
110
substantia nigra
makes dopamine and provides it to Basal Ganglia
111
basal/ventral pons
has transverse fibers and longitudinal fibers (weave together)
forms floor of 4th ventricle
112
inferior olive
helps detect mistakes in our thoughts and movements
| projects to cerebellum
113
cerebellar peduncles
fibers exit cerebellum to innervate downstream pathways
| inferior/middle/superior (afferent or efferent)
114
somatic motor
innervate mm of head/neck and not of branchial origin
115
branchial motor
innervate skeletal mm that arose from embryonic branchial arches
116
visceral motor
innervation of glands and organs
| part of parasympathetic
117
visceral sensory
stretch, chemosensation, blood vessels, digestive tract, gustation
118
general sensory
touch, pain, temp., pressure, vibration, mm sensation
119
special sensory
smell, hearing, vision, vestibular
120
Neuroimagery for neuroanatomy
CT scan, MRI, Diffusion Tensor Imaging
121
Neuroimagery for neurophysiology
EEG, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
122
Neuroimagery for neuroanatomy/-physiology
fMRI, PET scans, Angiography
123
MRI T1 vs MRI T2
T1: fat shows up brightly, water is darker, better for anatomical structures
T2: water shows up brightly (ventricles will be bright), good for detecting abnormalities
124
Upper motor neuron lesion pathology
presents as paralysis/difficulty with movement but reflexes still present
125
Lower motor neuron lesion pathology
present as flaccis paralysis and no reflexive movement
